长江流域河流沉积物宇宙成因核素10Be特征与侵蚀速率估算     

黄湘通  郑洪波  John Chappell  王平 《第四纪研究》2013,33(4)

地球表面每时每刻都在经历各式各样的侵蚀作用,了解侵蚀过程及其速率大小有助于人们认识许多重要的地质作用和过程.本文介绍的内容是长江流域河流沉积物宇宙成因核素10Be的研究工作,目的是在于定量估算长江流域及其子流域的平均侵蚀速率,更好地理解沉积物的由源到汇过程以及评价人类活动对水土流失的影响提供自然背景,分析样品来自于长江主要干流和支流的表层现代沉积.研究表明,长江干流10Be含量从金沙江流域到长江口呈现出由高到低的趋势,不同的是支流10Be含量值偏低而且比较稳定.这很可能受核素产生率和侵蚀速率两个因素的共同影响.在长江上游干流沉积物中10Be含量最高,随着低含量物质的不断从支流汇入,产生“西高东低”的现象.10Be侵蚀速率估算表明长江干流金沙江上游段平均侵蚀速率较低,在44.7～48.1m/Ma之间;长江中游段(枝江至彭泽)长江干流侵蚀速率数据变化较大,在65.7 ～ 175m/Ma的范围内波动;到长江口平均侵蚀速率比较稳定,在50～60m/Ma之间变化.与干流相比,长江支流侵蚀速率显著偏高.侵蚀速率最高的地区在大渡河-岷江流域,平均侵蚀速率在300m/Ma之上;侵蚀速率最低的区域发生在乌江流域,平均的侵蚀速率在10 ～ 30m/Ma之间.比较长江流域10Be和水文估算的侵蚀速率可以看出,水文估算总体上反映的侵蚀速率要普遍高于10Be反映的侵蚀速率.大渡河-岷江流域地表侵蚀速率高主要与构造活动、地貌发育、岩石特征以及气候条件等自然因素有关.嘉陵江、汉江等流域水文数据估算侵蚀速率明显超过10Be估算的结果,可能与地形地貌等地质因素对侵蚀作用的影响显著下降,以及人类长期活动导致水土流失加剧有关.  相似文献   

塔中春季水平能见度变化及影响因子分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

陆辉  魏文寿  刘明哲 《中国沙漠》2008,28(5):974-979

利用2004、2005年3月至5月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站的能见度仪自动监测资料,气温、气压、风速、相对湿度等地面气象常规沙尘观测记录以及PM10自动监测仪观测资料,分析了塔中水平能见度变化特征以及与气象因子、PM10的相关关系,气象因子与PM10对水平能见度有一定的制约关系,但并非简单的线形关系,不同时段,不同天气条件下,各因素的作用不同。  相似文献   

The ‘humped’ soil production function: eroding Arnhem Land,Australia     

Arjun M. Heimsath  David Fink  Greg R. Hancock 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(12):1674-1684

We report erosion rates and processes, determined from in situ‐produced beryllium‐10 (¹⁰Be) and aluminum‐26 (²⁶Al), across a soil‐mantled landscape of Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Soil production rates peak under a soil thickness of about 35 cm and we observe no soil thicknesses between exposed bedrock and this thickness. These results thus quantify a well‐defined ‘humped’ soil‐production function, in contrast to functions reported for other landscapes. We compare this function to a previously reported exponential decline of soil production rates with increasing soil thickness across the passive margin exposed in the Bega Valley, south‐eastern Australia, and found remarkable similarities in rates. The critical difference in this work was that the Arnhem Land landscapes were either bedrock or mantled with soils greater than about 35 cm deep, with peak soil production rates of about 20 m/Ma under 35–40 cm of soil, thus supporting previous theory and modeling results for a humped soil production function. We also show how coupling point‐specific with catchment‐averaged erosion rate measurements lead to a better understanding of landscape denudation. Specifically, we report a nested sampling scheme where we quantify average erosion rates from the first‐order, upland catchments to the main, sixth‐order channel of Tin Camp Creek. The low (～5 m/Ma) rates from the main channel sediments reflect contributions from the slowly eroding stony highlands, while the channels draining our study area reflect local soil production rates (～10 m/Ma off the rocky ridge; ～20 m/Ma from the soil mantled regions). Quantifying such rates and processes help determine spatial variations of soil thickness as well as helping to predict the sustainability of the Earth's soil resource under different erosional regimes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

新10号泉水化学测项中强地震前兆异常特征的研究     

地里夏提·克尤木  朱成英 《内陆地震》2008,22(1):89-96

选取1980年以来距新10号泉300km范围内的16次5级以上地震为研究对象,通过对新10号泉水化学参数在上述地震前后的全程时空扫描,初步总结出该泉水化学测项的前兆异常特征。（1）异常形态各异：硫化物为中期高值异常;氟离子以短期异常和中期异常为主;电导率基本上表现为中期高值异常;水汞以中期高值异常为主,个别地震前会出现临震高值异常;水氡为中期高值异常或年变畸变;甲烷则一般表现为高值中期异常,个别地震前也会在中期异常的基础上叠加大幅度临震异常;氦气为高值正异常。（2）映震对应率：硫化物为81．3％,氟离子为57．1％,电导率为31．3％,水汞为55．6％,水氡为18．8％,甲烷为46．7％,氦气为46．7％。  相似文献   

PM10 in the atmosphere and incidence of respiratory illness in Chiangmai during the smoggy pollution     

Viroj Wiwanitkit 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2008,22(3):437-440

Adverse health effects of atmospheric exposure to particles have been described in numerous epidemiological studies. In early of March 2007, there was a big environmental crisis in the northern area of Thailand. Smoggy pollution due to the fires covered many provinces in this area. Here, the author analyzes the correlation on incidence of respiratory illness and PM10 level in Chiangmai, a province in northern Thailand where the pollution occurred. The finding of emerging of the respiratory illness is similar to those previous reports on other smoggy pollutions due to fires. However, there is not a direct statistical significant relationship. It is proved that PM10 might be a risk for respiratory illness attack.  相似文献   

Dating carbonate rocks with in-situ produced cosmogenic Be: Why it often fails     

Silke Merchel  Rgis Braucher  Lucilla Benedetti  Olivier Grauby  Didier L. Bourls 《Quaternary Geochronology》2008,3(4):299-307

Surface exposure dating of carbonate rocks using cosmogenic ¹⁰Be is problematic. We have performed step-wise leaching of calcite-rich samples in order to investigate the reasons for this. Results on different grain size fractions clearly indicate the source of atmospheric ¹⁰Be is clay. We demonstrate that partial-leaching procedures, which result in moderate pH levels will not release ¹⁰Be (in-situ produced or atmospheric) due to the instant re-absorption on grain surfaces. By contrast, under strongly acidic conditions, all absorbed ¹⁰Be is leached from aluminosilicates giving abnormally high ¹⁰Be concentrations and consequently exposure ages that are too old. Dating is only possible if samples do not contain any clay minerals or if they can be removed prior to carbonate dissolution.  相似文献   

中亚热带山区不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸的日动态变化     

杨智杰  陈光水  黄石德  盛浩  杨玉盛 《福建地理》2009,(2):39-46

通过LI-8100土壤碳通量测定仪对中亚热带山区不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸进行测定与分析．结果表明,不同土地利用方式土壤温度变化趋势较为一致,峰值出现在16：00,但坡耕地均出现在14：00;不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸速率昼夜变化趋势大致呈单峰变化,呼吸速率在12：00—16：00之间达到一天的最大值,而在6：00达到最小值,但杉木林与木荷林土壤呼吸速率在夏季呈现出不规则的多峰变化,不同季节呼吸速率最大值出现的时间不同;杉木林与木荷林不同季节的土壤呼吸速率的目变化幅度较小,果园的最大;土壤呼吸速率的均值大小顺序为：经济林〉木荷林〉坡耕地〉杉木林〉果园,但不同土地利用方式间土壤呼吸速率差异不显著（P〉0．05）．不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸Q10值的季节变化中,杉木、木荷2种人工林用地冬季Q10值最大,最小值分别出现在夏季与秋季,而坡耕地、经济林与果园3种土地利用方式以春季的Q10值最大,秋季最小;Q10值随土壤碳质量的降低而增大．  相似文献   

NEW ¹⁰BE COSMOGENIC AGES FROM THE VIMMERBY MORAINE CONFIRM THE TIMING OF SCANDINAVIAN ICE SHEET DEGLACIATION IN SOUTHERN SWEDEN     

BY TIMOTHY F. JOHNSEN  HELENA ALEXANDERSON  DEREK FABEL  STEWART P.H.T. FREEMAN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2009,91(2):113-120

The overall pattern of deglaciation of the southern part of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet has been considered established, although details of the chronology and ice sheet dynamics are less well known. Even less is known for the south Swedish Upland because the area was deglaciated mostly by stagnation. Within this area lies the conspicuous Vimmerby moraine, for which we have used the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (¹⁰Be) exposure dating technique to derive the exposure age of six glacially transported boulders. The six ¹⁰Be cosmogenic ages are internally consistent, ranging from 14.9 ± 1.5 to 12.4 ± 1.3 ka with a mean of 13.6 ±0.9 ka. Adjusting for the effects of surface erosion, snow burial and glacio-isostatic rebound causes the mean age to increase only by c. 6% to c. 14.4± 0.9 ka. The ¹⁰Be derived age for the Vimmerby moraine is in agreement with previous estimates forthe timing of deglaciation based on radiocarbon dating and varve chronology. This result shows promise for further terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide exposure studies in southern Sweden.  相似文献   

突变学理论在桃园矿10煤底板突水预测中的应用   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

程艳琴  王连国  张连福  吴宇 《煤田地质与勘探》2007,35(1):45-48

10煤是桃园煤矿三大主采煤层之一。距离其较近的太灰含水层,是10煤开采的直接充水含水层。在该含水层外围,以奥陶系为主的隐伏型碳酸盐类裂隙岩溶含水岩组,是其强大的补给来源,这对矿井安全威胁较大。采用突变学方法建立了煤层底板突水预测模型,对桃园煤矿10煤1026-2、1041-2和1031工作面底板突水的可能性进行了预测,为桃园煤矿底板突水防治提供了理论依据。   相似文献   

柴达木盆地北部风速对尘暴事件降尘的影响   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7  

强明瑞  肖舜  张家武  陈发虎 《中国沙漠》2007,27(2):290-295

通过系统监测柴达木盆地北部冷湖地区的月降尘通量以及尘暴事件降尘量,发现该地区月降尘通量变化在0.57×103～18.12×103 μg·cm–2·month–1之间,并且与月极大风速（Vextr）具有较好的正相关性（r2=0.60, n=23）;该区年内主要粉尘堆积时段为春季和初夏;尘暴事件发生期间的降尘量不仅与尘暴持续期间10 min平均风速具有良好的正相关关系（r2=0.60, n=16）,而且降尘量与10 min风速变化幅度有关:强劲稳定的风力条件在监测地点产生较少的降尘量,强劲且变率较大的风力条件产生较多的降尘量。监测结果显示,风速的变化对粉尘的释放、输送和沉降有重要的影响,有助于理解地质记录所揭示的冰期-间冰期不同的大气粉尘沉降速率。  相似文献