Ionospheric measurements of relative coronal brightness during the total solar eclipses of 11 August, 1999 and 9 July, 1945     

C. J. Davis  M. Lockwood  S. A. Bell  J. A. Smith  E. M. Clarke 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(2):182-190

Swept-frequency (1/10 MHz) ionosonde measurements were made at Helston, Cornwall (50°06N, 5°18W) during the total solar eclipse on August 11, 1999. Soundings were made every three minutes. We present a method for estimating the percentage of the ionising solar radiation which remains unobscured at any time during the eclipse by comparing the variation of the ionospheric E-layer with the behaviour of the layer during a control day. Application to the ionosonde date for 11 August, 1999, shows that the flux of solar ionising radiation fell to a minimum of 25±2% of the value before and after the eclipse. For comparison, the same technique was also applied to measurements made during the total solar eclipse of 9 July, 1945, at Sörmjöle (63°68N, 20°20E) and yielded a corresponding minimum of 16 ± 2%. Therefore the method can detect variations in the fraction of solar emissions that originate from the unobscured corona and chromosphere. We discuss the differences between these two eclipses in terms of the nature of the eclipse, short-term fluctuations, the sunspot cycle and the recently-discovered long-term change in the coronal magnetic field.  相似文献   

The ALOMAR Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar: objectives, configuration, and performance     

U. von Zahn  G. von Cossart  J. Fiedler  K. H. Fricke  G. Nelke  G. Baumgarten  D. Rees  A. Hauchecorne  K. Adolfsen 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(7):815-833

We report on the development and current capabilities of the ALOMAR Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar. This instrument is one of the core instruments of the international ALOMAR facility, located near Andenes in Norway at 69°N and 16°E. The major task of the instrument is to perform advanced studies of the Arctic middle atmosphere over altitudes between about 15 to 90 km on a climatological basis. These studies address questions about the thermal structure of the Arctic middle atmosphere, the dynamical processes acting therein, and of aerosols in the form of stratospheric background aerosol, polar stratospheric clouds, noctilucent clouds, and injected aerosols of volcanic or anthropogenic origin. Furthermore, the lidar is meant to work together with other remote sensing instruments, both ground- and satellite-based, and with balloon- and rocket-borne instruments performing in situ observations. The instrument is basically a twin lidar, using two independent power lasers and two tiltable receiving telescopes. The power lasers are Nd:YAG lasers emitting at wavelengths 1064, 532, and 355 nm and producing 30 pulses per second each. The power lasers are highly stabilized in both their wavelengths and the directions of their laser beams. The laser beams are emitted into the atmosphere fully coaxial with the line-of-sight of the receiving telescopes. The latter use primary mirrors of 1.8 m diameter and are tiltable within 30° off zenith. Their fields-of-view have 180 rad angular diameter. Spectral separation, filtering, and detection of the received photons are made on an optical bench which carries, among a multitude of other optical components, three double Fabry-Perot interferometers (two for 532 and one for 355 nm) and one single Fabry-Perot interferometer (for 1064 nm). A number of separate detector channels also allow registration of photons which are produced by rotational-vibrational and rotational Raman scatter on N₂ and N₂+O₂ molecules, respectively. Currently, up to 36 detector channels simultaneously record the photons collected by the telescopes. The internal and external instrument operations are automated so that this very complex instrument can be operated by a single engineer. Currently the lidar is heavily used for measurements of temperature profiles, of cloud particle properties such as their altitude, particle densities and size distributions, and of stratospheric winds. Due to its very effective spectral and spatial filtering, the lidar has unique capabilities to work in full sunlight. Under these conditions it can measure temperatures up to 65 km altitude and determine particle size distributions of overhead noctilucent clouds. Due to its very high mechanical and optical stability, it can also employed efficiently under marginal weather conditions when data on the middle atmosphere can be collected only through small breaks in the tropospheric cloud layers.  相似文献   

The role of sodium bicarbonate in the nucleation of noctilucent clouds     

J. M. C. Plane 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(7):807-814

It is proposed that a component of meteoric smoke, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), provides particularly effective condensation nuclei for noctilucent clouds. This assertion is based on three conditions being met. The first is that NaHCO₃ is present at sufficient concentration (10⁴ cm^–3) in the upper mesosphere between 80 and 90 km. It is demonstrated that there is strong evidence for this based on recent laboratory measurements coupled with atmospheric modelling. The second condition is that the thermodynamics of NaHCO₃(H₂O)_n cluster formation allow spontaneous nucleation to occur under mesospheric conditions at temperatures below 140 K. The Gibbs free energy changes for forming clusters with n = 1 and 2 were computed from quantum calculations using hybrid density functional/Hartree-Fock (B3LYP) theory and a large basis set with added polarization and diffuse functions. The results were then extrapolated to higher n using an established dependence of the free energy on cluster size and the free energy for the sublimation of H₂O to bulk ice. A 1-dimensional model of sodium chemistry was then employed to show that spontaneous nucleation to form ice particles (n > 100) should occur between 84 and 89 km in the high-latitude summer mesosphere. The third condition is that other metallic components of meteoric smoke are less effective condensation nuclei, so that the total number of potential nuclei is small relative to the amount of available H₂O. Quantum calculations indicate that this is probably the case for major constituents such as Fe(OH)₂, FeO₃ and MgCO₃.  相似文献   

The use of riparian vegetated filter strips to reduce river sediment loads: an overestimated control measure?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gert Verstraeten  Jean Poesen  Katleen Gillijns  Gerard Govers 《水文研究》2006,20(20):4259-4267

The spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model WATEM/SEDEM was used to simulate the impact of riparian vegetated filter strips (RVFSs) on river sediment delivery at different spatial scales. For a field plot with a straight slope, sediment reduction by the RVFSs is comparable to results obtained through experimental set‐ups elsewhere (i.e. >70%). However, at the scale of an entire catchment, sediment reduction is much less (i.e. ±20%) due to (1) overland flow convergence, which reduces the sediment trapping efficiency of an RVFS, and (2) because part of the sediment bypasses the RVFSs through ditches, sewers and road surfaces. These results suggest that, at the catchment scale, RVFSs should be accompanied with other conservation techniques that are more appropriate for reducing river sediment loads, and that also reduce on‐site soil erosion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

广南堂上金矿多种金矿化的发现     

杨昌华  刘星  罗荣生 《云南地质》2006,25(3):286-290

在不到10km^2的范围内，集中发现了滇黔桂金三角地区常见的多种矿化类型：微细粒浸染型金矿、不整合面上金矿（大厂层）、基性火山岩金矿、火山碎屑沉积型金矿、石英脉型金矿、现代河流沉积中的砂金，且存在不同的找矿标志。  相似文献   

天山地区新元古代-早寒武世火山岩地球化学和岩石成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李向民夏林圻  夏祖春徐学义马中平  王立社 《岩石矿物学杂志》2006,25(5):412-422

天山地区新元古代-早寒武世玄武质熔岩包括拉斑玄武质和碱性玄武质两个主要岩浆系列，前者是早期（早南华世贝义西组、早震旦世扎摩克提组）喷发的火山岩系的主要组成，后者是晚期（早震旦世苏盖特布拉克组、晚震旦世水泉组、早寒武世西山布拉克组）喷发的火山岩系的主要组成。稀土、微量元素和Sr、Nd同位素特征揭示，这些火山岩均形成于大陆裂谷环境，其源区可能是源于一种似洋岛玄武岩源的软流圈地幔源，并且在岩浆上侵喷发过程中发生了岩石圈的混染。  相似文献   

地物化综合信息在东天山西段的找矿预测结果     

钟清  孟小红  姚敬金  张素兰  曹洛华 《物探与化探》2006,30(1):21-25

利用区域地物化资料,采用多元统计方法及GIS空间分析技术,通过对东天山成矿带中黄山铜镍矿床、小热泉子铜锌矿床的地质、地球物理、地球化学特征的分析,对东天山西段进行了有色金属矿床找矿靶区预测。预测结果认为:色尔特能、铜花山—硫磺山、米什沟、马鞍桥、彩华沟是今后找寻大型有色金属矿床的重要靶区。  相似文献   

塔中地区卡塔克1区块东河砂岩地震储层预测研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王炳章  徐雷鸣 《新疆地质》2006,24(3):270-275

采用基于地震波形分类的地震相分析与沉积相解释、波阻抗约束稀疏脉冲反演、地震多属性储层预测及油气检测等针对岩性油气藏的储层地震预测技术，从塔中地区卡塔克1区块泥盆系东河砂岩储层的生储盖组合条件及相关的地震地质特点出发，利用卡1三维地震资料开展目的层系的目标精细解释，结合已有的钻探、测井和测试等资料，揭示了东河砂岩储层砂体的空间展布特征，圈定出砂岩发育带，并对有利储层段的潜在含油气性进行了综合预测和评价。  相似文献   

相控误差法在少井区岩性分布研究中的应用     

唐华风  王璞珺  陈文礼  程日辉  刘万洙  张艳 《新疆地质》2006,24(4):384-388

以塔里木盆地东北地区石炭系为例进行少井波阻抗反演,以此结果研究砂泥岩发育位置、剖面形态和厚度.波阻抗资料可分辨最小厚度为20 m,比常规剖面分辨率(30 m)高,可用于沉积相分析.但是用波阻抗资料进行泥岩视厚度计算,所得结果与钻井揭示厚度相比,相对误差为 12%~-15%.经过误差分析得知,相对误差与含泥率服从单峰态分布规律,且受沉积相控制.采用相控误差法校正泥岩视厚度得到真厚度,计算结果为勘探阶段烃源岩预测提供科学依据.  相似文献   

新疆塔里木盆地东部奥陶系剥蚀厚度计算和平面成图     

单玄龙  杨亮  王璞珺 《新疆地质》2006,24(4):389-391

针对塔东地区实际地质资料和低勘探程度的特点,应用声波时差、镜质体反射率、沉积速率等多种综合方法,计算11口钻井的奥陶系剥蚀量.平面上奥陶系顶面剥蚀厚度的求取主要依据27条地震剖面资料,应用沉积速率法计算剥蚀量,且剥蚀量的数量级受邻近钻井值的约束,并绘制了奥陶系剥蚀量平面图.研究区奥陶系顶面剥蚀量在111~2 929 m,总体趋势为南部剥蚀量大,北部剥蚀量小,即从盆地边部向盆地内部剥蚀量增加.东部剥蚀量相对较小,西部剥蚀量相对较大.  相似文献