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The roles of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as key nutrients determining the trophic status of water bodies are examined, and evidence reviewed for trends in concentrations of N and P species which occur in freshwaters, primarily in northern temperate environments. Data are reported for water bodies undergoing eutrophication and acidification, especially water bodies receiving increased nitrogen inputs through the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Nutrient loading on groundwaters and surface freshwaters is assessed with respect to causes and rates of change, relative rates of change for N and P, and implications of change for the future management of lakes, rivers and groundwaters. In particular, the nature and emphasis of studies for N species and P fractions in lakes versus rivers and groundwaters are contrasted. This review paper primarily focuses on results from North America and Europe, particularly for the UK where a wide range of data sets exists. Few nutrient loading data have been published on water bodies in less developed countries; however, some of the available data are presented to provide a global perspective. In general, N and P concentrations have increased dramatically (>20 times background concentrations) in many areas and causes vary considerably, ranging from urbanization to changes in agricultural practices. 相似文献
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基于可拓评判法的黑土肥力质量评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据黑土肥力的实验特点及前人研究成果,选取与养分和理化性质相关的10个评价指标,包括有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、酸碱度(pH)、容重(BD)、黏粒(CP)、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体(WSA>0.25)和分散率(DR),通过这些指标建立了新的黑土肥力质量评价体系。以该评价体系为参照,采用主成分分析法确定权重,运用可拓学理论对吉林省农业黑土的肥力质量进行综合评判。结果表明:WSA>0.25、BD和AP 3项指标权重最大,说明黑土肥力的主要限制因子可能为土壤的物理性质及有效磷肥含量;吉林省农业黑土的肥力质量以中等为主,占整个样品数的73%。 相似文献
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G. Panagopoulos N. Lambrakis C. Katagas D. Papoulis P. Tsolis-Katagas 《Environmental Geology》2005,49(2):300-313
The karst system of SW Trifilia is composed of a thick sequence of carbonate sediments, which have experienced two types of dolomitization and dedolomitization processes and comprise an extended aquifer. The application of fertilizers in the region have not only caused the degradation of the groundwater quality but also induced hydrochemical changes exerting major control on dolomitization processes. Factor analysis indicates high correlation coefficient between NH
4
+
, NO
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−
, Ca2+ and Mg2+, which can be attributed to cation-exchange processes involving clay minerals. The application of a conservative mixing model showed that the calculated groundwater types indicate a cation-exchange process between NH
4
+
, derived from fertilizers, and between Ca2+ and Mg2+. Mg2+ released from smectite interlayers, exchanged for NH
4
+
in the groundwater and favor a dolomitization process through the partial replacement of Ca2+ in the lattice of calcite (dedolomite) contained in precursor dolomites. This recent stage dolomitization occurred near the water level and within the phreatic zone only and had not influenced the whole karst massif; it also resulted in low Mg/Ca values found in the zone characterized by intensive application of nitrogen-based fertilizers and the absence of overlying impermeable strata. 相似文献
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矿物锌肥结构特征及其增效机理研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用阳离子交换法制备矿物锌肥.蒙脱石和蛭石对Zn2+的等温吸附线呈双"S"型,而沸石对Zn2+的等温吸附线则呈"Langmuir"型.3种矿物对Zn2+的吸附容量大小顺序为蒙脱石＞蛭石＞沸石.盆栽试验结果显示,施用锌肥后,两造玉米幼苗的生物产量都高于CK(未施用锌肥),在第一造中蛭石锌的增产量最高,而第二造中蒙脱石锌的增产量最高.运用粉晶X射线衍射、红外光谱、差热及热重分析等技术对矿物及矿物锌肥的结构特征进行了研究,结果表明,蛭石锌可作为速效锌肥,而蒙脱石锌则可作为长效缓释锌肥. 相似文献
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本文研究了三元体系ＭｇＳＯ４—ＣＨ３ＣＯＮＨＣＯＮＨ２—Ｈ２Ｏ（Ⅰ）和Ｍｇ（ＮＯ３）２─ＣＨ３ＣＯＮＨＣＯＮＨ２—Ｈ２Ｏ（Ⅱ）在３０℃的相平衡，测定了饱和溶液溶解度及其折光指数，绘制了相应的溶度图和折光指数─组成关系图。两个体系均为简单共饱型。溶度曲线及折光指数曲线均由两支组成，分别与ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ（Ⅰ）或Ｍｇ（ＮＯ２）２·６Ｈ２Ｏ（Ⅱ）和ＣＨ２ＣＯＮＨＣＯＮＨ２相对应。共饱点的组成分别为（Ⅰ）中ＭｇＳｏ４２７．３５％，ＣＨ３ＣＯＮＨＣＯＮＨ２ ４．７％；（Ⅰ）中Ｍｇ（ＮＯ３）２４２．７５％，ＣＨ３ＣＯＮＨＣＯＮＨ２１２．２４％。这项工作对开发缓释肥料具有重要意义。 相似文献
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为揭示农户个体行为与流域农业非点源营养盐产生和控制政策之间的逻辑关系,以珠江流域为研究对象,采用系统动力学模型与多主体农户和农村环境管理模型耦合构建流域营养盐污染控制政策的情景分析方法,基于农户在化肥税和农药税组合型政策下的生产行为设计了基准情景、低化肥税情景、中化肥税情景和高化肥税情景4种具有代表性的情景方案,并在各种情景下定量描述流域营养盐对农业政策的响应和评估流域营养盐控制的优选政策方案.结果显示:从农业投入和产出的角度看,2030年低化肥税情景、中化肥税情景和高化肥税情景的化肥施用量相对基准情景分别减少了24.0%、39.8%和50.2%,农药使用量分别减少了27.6%、32.8%和37.4%,农作物产量分别减少了10.0%、16.3%和21.2%,畜禽养殖量分别增加了5.9%、7.5%和14.0%;2030年,基准情景、低化肥税情景、中化肥税情景和高化肥税情景的总氮入河量分别达到94.5、85.1、78.5和75.3万t,总磷入河量分别达到14.0、12.8、12.0和11.6万t;化肥税和农药税的组合型政策能够有效减少营养盐污染量,然而,中化肥税情景和高化肥税情景比低化肥税情景的边际效果小、经济成本高、农作物产出低和畜禽污染高,故低化肥税情景被认为是控制珠江流域营养盐污染的最优方案. 相似文献
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Water forms an essential resource for life on earth because all living things on earth depend on water for life activities. However, with the increase in the human population, which is coupled with intense urbanization and agricultural activities, global water pollution has increased over the past decades. In China, agricultural activities that occure mainly in the planting fields have been listed as the main source of surface water and groundwater pollution. This review focuses on the major factors that influence pollution from planting fields in China mainly as a result of farming activities such as flood irrigation, excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides, and poor management practices. At present, good results are achieved by adopting soil fertilization test formula, biodegradable pesticides, proper irrigation, and agroforestry interventions. In the future, pollution from planting fields as a non‐point source of water pollution can be improved and resolved by perfect nutrient management, best management practices, organic amendments, restoring water environment, and intelligent assessment management. 相似文献
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