Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the 1.55 Ma synchronous isolation of the Ryukyu Islands,Japan, and Taiwan and inflow of the Kuroshio warm current     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(12):1369-1388

In the Quaternary, the Ryukyu Islands evolved from a continental margin arc to an island arc by backarc spreading of the Okinawa Trough, accompanied by subsidence and isolation of the islands, a process that has continued to the present. Trough-parallel half grabens were filled with marine siltstone. Similar sediments filling orthogonal fault-controlled and west-draining non-tectonic valleys record island separation. New Quaternary nannofossil biostratigraphic data date the deposition of the marine siltstone at 1.552 ± 0.154 Ma. At that time, the entire 1000 km-long island chain comprising the Ryukyu Islands separated from the Asian continent by rifting extending from the Okinawa Trough to the Tsushima Strait. The Tokara, Kerama, and Yonaguni gaps, branched or transverse rifts of the Okinawa Trough, separate the island chain into subgroups of the Osumi, Amami, Okinawa, and Yaeyama islands, and Taiwan. The shallow Taiwan Strait separated Taiwan from the Chinese mainland. The Kuroshio warm current that previously ran offshore of the continental margin arc began to enter the opening backarc basin through the Yonaguni gap and to exit through the Tokara gap, flowing along the axis of the Okinawa Trough. Under influence of the warm current and because of entrapment of continentally sourced detrital sediments by the Okinawa Trough, coral reefs formed around each island. These reefs make up a unit called the Ryukyu limestone. Subsidence continued through the deposition of this limestone, resulting in further isolation of each island. Some islands did not separate from the mainland but emerged above sea level later as a result of volcanic edifice construction or forearc uplift. Following initial isolation, the Japanese islands and Taiwan may have been connected to the mainland by land bridges during some sea level low stands related to glacial periods, whereas the other islands remained isolated. Based on ages of isolation of each island, a Quaternary palaeogeographic map and ‘phylogenetic tree’ of the islands can be drawn showing the separation time of each island from the mainland and from each other. This information should be useful for phylogenetic molecular biologists studying evolution of Ryukyu endemic species and vicariant speciation and could facilitate analysis of the DNA substitution rate.  相似文献   

Compaction Rate of an Early Permian Volcanic Tuff from Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia     

WANG Jun  HE Xuezhi  Hermann W.PFEFFERKORN  WANG Jinrong 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(5):1242-1249

Compaction rates of sediments or volcaniclastic material are needed to reconstruct original thickness of a bed,which in turn is required to reconstruct subsidence rates,sea-level rise,or in the case of volcaniclastic,the location or direction of the eruption site.The knowledge of compaction rates can also aid in the reconstruction of deformed fossils.The known shape of deformed fossils can allow the determination of the compaction they experienced.Here we report the compaction rate in an early Permian volcanic tuff from Wuda,Inner Mongolia,determined from the deformation of standing tree fern stems of known anatomy.The compaction rate has been found to be 0.56 in this case,indicating that 44% of original thickness remains.  相似文献   

基于机器学习的水位流量关系模型参数估计          下载免费PDF全文

江竹  宋文武 《水文》2013,33(1):74-78

为了克服经典水位流量关系模型在刻画河流动态变化特性时所存在的局限性,提出采用局部加权回归算法估计模型参数;为了提高参数估计精度以及流量的计算效率,提出一种聚类树加权回归方法.首先对训练样本进行聚类,然后使用k-最近邻方法将新的水位样本划分进最恰当的聚类中,最后估计河流日流量.该方法在估计过程中,避免了不相关信息的干扰,从而提高了日流量数据估计的效率和精度.利用某水文站的实测数据对方法进行测试,仿真结果表明,方法估计精度高,为水位流量关系模型参数估计提供了新的有效方法.  相似文献   

Assessing the spatio-temporal variability of vegetation productivity in Africa: quantifying the relative roles of climate variability and human activities     

《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(9):879-900

ABSTRACT

Quantitative attribution at the individual pixel level of the relative contributions of climate variability and human activities to vegetation productivity dynamics across Africa is generally lacking. This is because of the difficulty in establishing a baseline or potential vegetation against which the relative impacts of these factors can be assessed. This study addresses these gaps. First, annual potential net primary productivity (NPP_P) for 2000–2014 was estimated for Africa using a model constructed from samples of NPP and environmental covariates from protected areas. Second, trends in NPP_P, actual NPP (NPP_A), and human-appropriated NPP (NPP_H?=?NPP_P ? NPP_A) were estimated and used in quantifying the relative contributions of climate and human activities to NPP dynamics. Over 2000–2014, NPP improvement was largely concentrated in equatorial and northern Africa, while subequatorial Africa exhibited the most NPP decline. Parts of Mali, Burkina Faso, and the central Africa region are associated with the greatest influence of climate-driven NPP improvement. Areas where humans dominated NPP decline include parts of Ethiopia and South Africa. Climate had a stronger role in driving NPP decline in subequatorial Africa. Nonetheless, further work is required to validate the results of this study with high-resolution imagery and field information.  相似文献   

基于决策树模型的武汉市地表比辐射率反演研究     

兰洪浩  谭永滨  李桢  于忠海 《全球定位系统》2013,(5):34-39

地表比辐射率值是反演地表温度中的关键参数,它通过高效的遥感影像分类方法来获取。利用NDVI指数,MNDWI指数及NDBI指数,探讨基于决策树模型的比辐射率估算方法,并通过与传统方法的对比研究,认为针对武汉市的特点,采用决策树的比辐射率估算方法精度高于传统模型,较适合研究区的地表组成特征。  相似文献   

A comparative assessment between object and pixel-based classification approaches for land use/land cover mapping using SPOT 5 imagery     

Mahyat Shafapour Tehrany  Mustafa Neamah Jebuv 《国际地球制图》2013,28(4):351-369

Abstract

Land use/land cover (LULC) classification with high accuracy is necessary, especially in eco-environment research, urban planning, vegetation condition study and soil management. Over the last decade a number of classification algorithms have been developed for the analysis of remotely sensed data. The most notable algorithms are the object-oriented K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN), Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and the Decision Trees (DTs) amongst many others. In this study, LULC types of Selangor area were analyzed on the basis of the classification results acquired using the pixel-based and object-based image analysis approaches. SPOT 5 satellite images with four spectral bands from 2003 and 2010 were used to carry out the image classification and ground truth data were collected from Google Earth and field trips. In pixel-based image analysis, a supervised classification was performed using the DT classifier. On the other hand, object-oriented (K-NN) image analysis was evaluated using standard nearest neighbour as classifier. Subsequently SVM object-based classification was performed. Five LULC categories were extracted and the results were compared between them. The overall classification accuracies for 2003 and 2010 showed that the object-oriented (K-NN) (90.5% and 91%) performed better results than the pixel-based DT (68.6% and 68.4%) and object-based SVM (80.6% and 78.15%). In general, the object-oriented (K-NN) performed better than both DTs and SVMs. The obtained LULC classification maps can be used to improve various applications such as change detection, urban design, environmental management and zooning.  相似文献   

全国地震应急视频会议系统组会模式   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

张维佳  姜立新  李晓杰  董曼  杨天青 《地震地磁观测与研究》2013,34(3)

介绍点点结构、网状结构和树结构视频会议组会模式技术特点,及在地震应急中存在的问题;结合地震应急视频会议系统发展需求及在不同应用状态(单点连接、多省连接、市县连接、现场连接及应急演练)下的实际应用效果,探讨星形结构和两级树结构在地震应急视频会议中的技术优势,指出现有地震应急视频会议系统平台技术瓶颈及可能解决途径.  相似文献   

A Review of “Fundamentals of Tree-Ring Research”     

Sarah J. Hart 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(1):150-151

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Spatial aspects of MRSA epidemiology: a case study using stochastic simulation,kernel estimation and SaTScan     

L. Bastin  J. Rollason  A. Hilton  C. Corcoran  J. Elgy 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):811-836

The identification of disease clusters in space or space–time is of vital importance for public health policy and action. In the case of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), it is particularly important to distinguish between community and health care‐associated infections, and to identify reservoirs of infection. 832 cases of MRSA in the West Midlands (UK) were tested for clustering and evidence of community transmission, after being geo‐located to the centroids of UK unit postcodes (postal areas roughly equivalent to Zip+4 zip code areas). An age‐stratified analysis was also carried out at the coarser spatial resolution of UK Census Output Areas. Stochastic simulation and kernel density estimation were combined to identify significant local clusters of MRSA (p<0.025), which were supported by SaTScan spatial and spatio‐temporal scan. In order to investigate local sampling effort, a spatial ‘random labelling’ approach was used, with MRSA as cases and MSSA (methicillin‐sensitive S. aureus) as controls. Heavy sampling in general was a response to MRSA outbreaks, which in turn appeared to be associated with medical care environments. The significance of clusters identified by kernel estimation was independently supported by information on the locations and client groups of nursing homes, and by preliminary molecular typing of isolates. In the absence of occupational/lifestyle data on patients, the assumption was made that an individual's location and consequent risk is adequately represented by their residential postcode. The problems of this assumption are discussed, with recommendations for future data collection.  相似文献   

Local entropy map: a nonparametric approach to detecting spatially varying multivariate relationships     

Diansheng Guo 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(9):1367-1389

The relationship between two or more variables may change over the geographic space. The change can be in parameter values (e.g., regression coefficients) or even in relation forms (e.g., linear, quadratic, or exponential). Existing local spatial analysis methods often assume a relationship form (e.g., a linear regression model) for all regions and focus only on the change in parameter values. Therefore, they may not be able to discover local relationships of different forms simultaneously. This research proposes a nonparametric approach, a local entropy map, which does not assume a prior relationship form and can detect the existence of multivariate relationships regardless of their forms. The local entropy map calculates an approximation of the Rényi entropy for the multivariate data in each local region (in the geographic space). Each local entropy value is then converted to a p-value by comparing to a distribution of permutation entropy values for the same region. All p-values (one for each local region) are processed by several statistical tests to control the multiple-testing problem. Finally, the testing results are mapped and allow analysts to locate and interactively examine significant local relationships. The method is evaluated with a series of synthetic data sets and a real data set.  相似文献