中国科技资源配置效率测度及其时空格局演变特征(英文)     

范斐  杜德斌  王馨竹 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(3):492-508

According to the connotation and structure of science and technology resources and some relevant data of more than 286 cities at prefecture level and above during 2001–2010, using modified method—Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), science and technology(ST) resource allocation efficiency of different cities in different periods has been figured out, which, uncovers the distributional difference and change law of ST resource allocation efficiency from the time-space dimension. Based on that, this paper has analyzed and discussed the spatial distribution pattern and evolution trend of ST resource allocation efficiency in different cities by virtue of the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA). It turned out that:(1) the average of ST resource allocation efficiency in cities at prefecture level and above has always stayed at low levels, moreover, with repeated fluctuations between high and low, which shows a decreasing trend year by year. Besides, the gap between the East and the West is widening.(2) The asymmetrical distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency presents a spatial pattern of successively decreasing from Eastern China, Central China to Western China. The cities whose ST resource allocation efficiency are at higher level and high level take on a cluster distribution, which fits well with the 23 forming urban agglomerations in China.(3) The coupling degree between ST resource allocation efficiency and economic environment assumes a certain positive correlation, but not completely the same. The differentiation of ST resource allocation efficiency is common in regional development, whose existence and evolution are directly or indirectly influenced by and regarded as the reflection of many elements, such as geographical location, the natural endowment and environment of ST resources and so on.(4) In the perspective of the evolution of spatial structure, ST resource allocation efficiency of the cities at prefecture level and above shows a notable spatial autocorrelation, which in every period presents a positive correlation. The spatial distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency in neighboring cities seems to be similar in group, which tends to escalate stepwise. Meanwhile, the whole differentiation of geographical space has a diminishing tendency.(5) Viewed from LISA agglomeration map ofST resource allocation efficiency in different periods, four agglomeration types have changed differently in spatial location and the range of spatial agglomeration. And the continuity of ST resource allocation efficiency in geographical space is gradually increasing.  相似文献   

Regional GHG reduction targets based on effort sharing: a comparison of studies     

Niklas Höhne  Michel den Elzen  Donovan Escalante 《Climate Policy》2014,14(1):122-147

Over 40 studies that analyse future GHG emissions allowances or reduction targets for different regions based on a wide range of effort-sharing approaches and long-term concentration stabilization levels are compared. This updates previous work undertaken for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Regional reduction targets differ significantly for each effort-sharing approach. For example, in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 1990 region, new proposals that emphasize the equity principles of responsibility, capability, and need, and those based on equal cumulative per capita emissions (carbon budgets), lead to relatively stringent emissions reduction targets. In order to reach a low concentration stabilization level of 450?ppm CO₂e, the allowances under all effort sharing approaches in OECD1990 for 2030 would be approximately half of the emissions of 2010 with a large range, roughly two-thirds in the Economies in Transition (EIT), roughly at the 2010 emissions level or slightly below in Asia, slightly above the 2010 level in the Middle East and Africa and well below the 2010 level in Latin America. For 2050, allowances in OECD1990 and EIT would be a fraction of today's emissions, approximately half of 2010 emission levels in Asia, and possibly less than half of the 2010 level in Latin America.

Policy relevance

The concept of equity and the stringency of future national GHG reduction targets are at the heart of the current debate on the new international climate change agreement to be adopted in 2015. Policy insights gained from an analysis of over 40 studies, which have quantitatively analysed the proposed GHG reduction targets, are presented. It is found that the outcome of effort-sharing approaches is often largely determined by the way the equity principle is implemented and that the distributional impacts of such approaches can be significantly different depending on the criteria used, the stabilization level and shape of the global emissions pathway. However, the current literature only covers a small proportion of the possible allocation approaches. There should thus be an in-depth modelling comparison to ensure consistency and comparability of results and inform decision making regarding the reduction of GHG emissions.  相似文献   

基于时空影响因子的未来社区生活圈公共服务设施优化配置北大核心CSCD     

余正  上官宗珊  周丹丹  刘同伟  黄奥婕  陈喜嘉  谢文煜  邹成畅 《测绘通报》2022,(8):143-148

公共服务设施作为社区生活圈的核心内容,直接决定了社区生活圈的生活品质。对社区公共服务设施建设情况进行量化评价,并对设施建设的未来规划提供科学决策支持逐渐成为规划者和决策者的一大难题。本文通过ArcGIS工具对POI数据进行处理、统计和可视化,在总结他人社区生活圈量化评价方法的基础上,结合温州本地特色,搭建了一套社区生活圈公共服务设施评价模型。利用该模型可对各类社区进行综合评分和分级,并根据模型评分结果挖掘公共服务设施未来优化方向。此外,还实现了社区生活圈评分的动态计算与展示,为社区服务设施建设选址、路网建设与公共服务设施建设优先级评定等提供决策支持。既可帮助规划者和决策者快速建立对整个区域生活圈建设现状的量化认知,又可助力公共服务设施的优化配置,为社区生活圈公共服务品质评价与提升探寻全新的思路与方法。  相似文献   

优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法在马莲河流域水资源综合管理中的应用研究          下载免费PDF全文

高雅玉  张新民  谭龙 《水文》2014,34(5):61-66

根据马莲河流域水资源总量极端贫乏、年际年内分配不均、常规水资源量低、水污染问题较严重等特点,利用系统分析理论和优化技术建立了流域的大系统、多目标水资源优化配置模型,并利用优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法进行求解,得到流域2020年期望水资源配置下的最佳分配方案为:流域总供水量57 086×104m3,工业供水量21 690×104m3(总产值约为144.6亿元),能源基地供水量4 329×104m3(总产值约为346.32万元),农业供水量20 840×104m3,生活供水量9 452×104m3,生态供水量811×104m3。对比期望方案供水量增加了6 710×104m3,综合缺水率减少了11.41%。并根据预测的流域的分配方案和预测的流域需水量,进行了流域的水资源平衡分析,通过平衡分析的结果进行流域的综合管理研究。2020年在最优水资源分配方案下,工业缺水率3.21%、减少了4.51%;能源基地缺水率0.00%;农业缺水率4.64%、缺水率增加26.17%;生活缺水率0.00%;生态缺水率1.00%、缺水率增加了1.00%。配置方案实现了流域内水资源的最佳分配,使宝贵、有限的水资源产生最大的社会、经济及环境效益,为流域经济、能源产业的快速发展提供水资源保障。  相似文献   

New Thoughts of Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Salt Lake Resources in Qinghai Province     

DU Guangwei 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(Z1):417-417

正Qinghai Province has unique salt lake resources in China characterized by multicomponent,big storage,multi types and easy exploitation.These salt lake resources are concentrated in Qaidam Basin.  相似文献   

甘肃北部短时强降水中尺度特征及物理量配置          下载免费PDF全文

钱莉  张春燕  杨梅  李天江 《干旱区地理》2022,45(6):1707-1717

利用甘肃北部27个国家级自动气象站及635个区域气象站降水资料,结合常规高空、地面和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）再分析物理量场资料,选取了2016—2019年5—9月104个典型短时强降水个例,对甘肃北部短时强降水天气发生发展的环境条件进行了中尺度综合分析,揭示了区域内短时强降水的一些特征和规律。结果表明：（1） 甘肃北部短时强降水集中出现在6—8月,短时强降水的强度多为10~20 mm。（2） 甘肃北部短时强降水天气的典型特征,分为副高边缘型、低压槽型、西北气流型和河套阻高型4种流型。（3） 通过分析不同天气形势、不同类别、不同物理量参数间的联系与区别,总结出各类短时强降水天气的环流特征和物理量要素指标和阈值。（4） 地面辐合线（冷锋）是甘肃北部触发强对流天气的关键系统,地面辐合线（冷锋）的分析对短时临近预报至关重要。（5） 低空偏南风急流（显著流线）在110°E左右北上及在37°N左右产生辐合是判断甘肃北部能否产生短时强降水的重要依据。并对2020年短时强降水预报效果进行检验,预报准确率达63.6%,说明建立的短时强降水预报指标预报能力较强,为提高短时强降水预报预警能力提供了一种新途径。  相似文献   

建设海洋强国的政治学解释——基于注意力配置的分析     

马超 《热带地理》2022,42(7):1201-1213

基于注意力政治学的领导人注意力分析框架,对自2012年以来建设海洋强国这一国家级海洋战略的启动和实施进行分析,探讨建设海洋强国的作用机制。文章提出：1）领导人与政府有限的注意力是国际体系结构变化与国家行为产生之间的中介变量。2）国际局势变化、地方政府竞争、突发事件刺激和以往的从政经历是建设海洋强国的触发因素,驱使领导人和政府的注意力发生转移。3）领导人通过讲话、批示、视察等活动推动政策实施,这是测量领导人及政府对于建设海洋强国的注意力依据。注意力对建设海洋强国的作用机制体现在：1）国家海洋战略重置后,领导人与政府的注意力继续作用于新海洋战略的实施过程;2）领导人通过自身一系列的活动,如视察、批示,加快海洋战略的运行;3）通过设立高级别机构,高位推动建设海洋强国;4）通过国家媒体对海洋事务的持续议程设置,固定公众和社会注意力。上述作用机制有效地引导并锁定了中国对海洋事务的关注方向与重点,改变了传统中国“重陆轻海”的战略文化与社会认知。  相似文献   

居住环境剥夺测度及其对房价的影响——以兰州市为例          下载免费PDF全文

杜雨涵  赵海莉  原悦  李家亮  王家明 《干旱区地理》2022,45(3):966-975

小区是居民日常生活和构建社会关系的重要场所,由于居住环境差异,导致剥夺现象发生。为探究居住环境剥夺对房价的作用机制,构建居住环境剥夺测度体系,创新了居住环境剥夺指数计算方法,运用混合地理加权回归模型和地理探测器分析居住环境剥夺与房价的关系。结果表明：（1） 兰州市平均房价为12566.93元·m^-2,空间上呈现出多核心、组团式分布格局,表现为从核心向外逐级递减的趋势。（2） 基于6个维度服务设施数量和种类差异,居住环境剥夺也呈现出不同空间分布格局。（3） 所有服务剥夺均与房价呈负相关,教育服务剥夺对房价影响力最强,生活服务剥夺对房价影响力最弱,教育和交通服务剥夺交互作用对房价解释力最强。研究结果对促进资源配置公平和城市健康快速发展至关重要。  相似文献   

关于新疆煤炭资源配置及矿业权审批制度的思考     

张维宸 《国土资源情报》2014,(9):29-32

经济的快速发展,促使新疆煤炭资源配置及矿业权审批步伐加快。同时,新疆煤炭资源配置及矿业权审批存在着矿业权审批职责不清、地方政府深度介入、不按地质规律和市场规律办事以及冷落作为地质找矿主力军的地勘单位等问题。解决这些问题已成为新疆煤炭资源配置及矿业权审批制度改革的当务之急。  相似文献   

Quantifying the variability and allocation patterns of aboveground carbon stocks across plantation forest types,structural attributes and age in sub-tropical coastal region of KwaZulu Natal,South Africa using remote sensing     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Quantifying the variability and allocation patterns of aboveground carbon stocks across plantation forests is central in deriving accurate and reliable knowledge and understanding of the extent to which these species contribute to the global carbon cycle and towards minimizing climate change effects. The principal objective of this study was to quantify the variability and allocation patterns of aboveground carbon stocks across Pinus and Eucalyptus plantation forests, tree-structural attributes (i.e. stems, barks, branches and leaves) and age groups, using models developed based on remotely sensed data. The results of this study demonstrate that aboveground carbon stocks significantly (α = 0.05) vary across different plantation forest species types, structural attributes and age. Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus grandis species contained aboveground carbon stocks above 110 t C ha⁻¹, and Eucalyptus dunii had 20 t C ha⁻¹. Across plantation forest tree structural attributes, stems contained the highest aboveground carbon stocks, when compared to barks, branches and leaves. Aboveground carbon stock estimates also varied significantly (α = 0.05) with stand age. Mature plantation forest species (i.e. between 7 and 20 years) contained the highest aboveground carbon stock estimates of approximately 120 t C ha⁻¹, when compared to younger species (i.e. between 3 and 6 years), which had approximately 20 t C ha⁻¹. The map of aboveground carbon stocks showed distinct spatial patterns across the entire study area. The findings of this study are important for understanding the contribution of different plantation forest species, structural attributes and age in the global carbon cycle and possible climate change moderation measures. Also, this study demonstrates that data on vital tree structural attributes, previously difficult to obtain, can now be easily derived from cheap and readily-available satellite data for inventorying carbon stocks variability.  相似文献