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61.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1)
Abstract Abstract Accurate application of the longitudinal dispersion model requires that specially designed experimental studies are performed in the river reach under consideration. Such studies are usually very expensive, so in order to quantify the longitudinal dispersion coefficient, as an alternative approach, various researchers have proposed numerous empirical formulae based on hydraulic and morphometric characteristics. The results are presented of the application of artificial neural networks as a parameter estimation technique. Five different cases were considered with the network trained for different arrangements of input nodes, such as channel depth, channel width, cross-sectionally averaged water velocity, shear velocity and sinuosity index. In the case where the sinuosity index is included as an input node, the results turned out to be better than those presented by other authors. 相似文献
62.
Spatial and multivariate analysis of geochemical data from metavolcanic rocks in the Ben Nevis area, Ontario 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
A study of the lithogeochemistry of metavolcanics in the Ben Nevis area of Ontario, Canada has shown that factor analysis methods can distinguish lithogeochemical trends related to different geological processes, most notably, the principal compositional variation related to the volcanic stratigraphy and zones of carbonate alteration associated with the presence of sulphides and gold. Auto- and cross-correlation functions have been estimated for the two-dimensional distribution of various elements in the area. These functions allow computation of spatial factors in which patterns of multivariate relationships are dependent upon the spatial auto- and cross-correlation of the components. Because of the anisotropy of primary compositions of the volcanics, some spatial factor patterns are difficult to interpret. Isotropically distributed variables such as CO
2
are delineated clearly in spatial factor maps. For anisotropically distributed variables (SiO
2
), as the neighborhood becomes smaller, the spacial factor maps becomes better. Interpretation of spatial factors requires computation of the corresponding amplitude vectors from the eigenvalue solution. This vector reflects relative amplitudes by which the variables follow the spatial factors. Instability of some eigenvalue solutions requires that caution be used in interpreting the resulting factor patterns. A measure of the predictive power of the spatial factors can be determined from autocorrelation coefficients and squared multiple correlation coefficients that indicate which variables are significant in any given factor. The spatial factor approach utilizes spatial relationships of variables in conjunction with systematic variation of variables representing geological processes. This approach can yield potential exploration targets based on the spatial continuity of alteration haloes that reflect mineralization.List of symbols
c
i
Scalar factor that minimizes the discrepancy between andU
i
-
D
Radius of circular neighborhood used for estimating auto- and cross-correlation coefficients
-
d
Distance for which transition matrixU is estimated
-
d
ij
Distance between observed valuesi andj
-
E
Expected value
-
E
i
Row vector of residuals in the standardized model
-
F(d
ij)
Quadratic function of distanced
ij F(d
ij)=a+bd
ij+cd
ij
2
-
L
Diagonal matrix of the eigenvalues ofU
-
i
Eigenvalue of the matrixU;ith diagonal element ofL
-
N
Number of observations
-
p
Number of variables
-
Q
Total predictive power ofU
-
R
Correlation matrix of the variables
-
R
0j
Variance-covariance signal matrix of the standardized variables at origin;j is the index related tod andD (e.g.,j=1 ford=500 m,D=1000 m)
-
R
1j
Matrix of auto- and cross-correlation coefficients evaluated at a given distance within the neighborhood
-
R
m
2
Multiple correlation coefficient squared for themth variable
-
S
i
Column vectori of the signal values
-
s
k
2
Residual variance for variablek
-
T
i
Amplitude vector corresponding toV
i;ith row ofT=V
–1
-
T
Total variation in the system
-
U
Nonsymmetric transition matrix formed by post-multiplyingR
01
–1
byR
ij
-
U
i
Componenti of the matrixU, corresponding to theith eigenvectorV
i;U
i=
iViTi
-
U*
i
ComponentU
i multiplied byc
i
-
U
ij
Sum of componentsU
i+U
j
-
V
i
Eigenvector of the matrixU;ith column ofV withUV=VL
-
w
Weighting factor; equal to the ratio of two eigenvalues
-
X
i
Random variable at pointi
-
x
i
Value of random variable at pointi
-
y
i
Residual ofx
i
-
Z
i
Row vectori for the standardized variables
-
z
i
Standardized value of variable 相似文献
63.
Bruce S. Gibson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,128(1-2):309-331
Three types of seismic data recorded near Coalinga, California were analyzed to study the behavior of scattered waves: 1) aftershocks of the May 2, 1983 earthquake, recorded on verticalcomponent seismometers deployed by the USGS; 2) regional refraction profiles using large explosive sources recorded on essentially the same arrays above; 3) three common-midpoint (CMP) reflection surveys recorded with vibrator sources over the same area. Records from each data set were bandpassed filtered into 5 Hz wide passbands (over the range of 1–25 Hz), corrected for geometric spreading, and fit with an exponential model of amplitude decay. Decay rates were expressed in terms of inverse codaQ (Q
c
–1
).Q
c
–1
values for earthquake and refraction data are generally comparable and show a slight decrease with increasing frequency. Decay rates for different source types recorded on proximate receivers show similar results, with one notable exception. One set of aftershocks shows an increase ofQ
c
–1
with frequency.Where the amplitude decay rates of surface and buried sources are similar, the coda decay results are consistent with other studies suggesting the importance of upper crustal scattering in the formation of coda. Differences in the variation ofQ
c
–1
with frequency can be correlated with differences in geologic structure near the source region, as revealed by CMP-stacked reflection data. A more detailed assessment of effects such as the depth dependence of scattered contributions to the coda and the role of intrinsic attenuation requires precise control of source-receiver field geometry and the study of synthetic seismic data calculated for velocity models developed from CMP reflection data. 相似文献
64.
Summary A method of measuring ultrasonic wave properties in rocks during the complete stress-strain process is described. The relevant experimental laboratory study, to reveal the change of the amplitude spectrum parameters with strain (or stress) has been carried out. A preliminary study was conducted on the application of the ultrasonic measurement technique at a belt conveyor roadway of the north wing in Baodian coal mine, Shandong province. A borehole ultrasonic device with dry coupling was developed to provide better coupling and more accurate measurement data in comparison with those of a water coupled situation. Based on the interrelations between the complete stress-strain properties of specimens and their wave properties, the structural properties of surrounding rocks, the range of yield zones, and the change of stresses within the rocks surrounding a roadway which was subjected to mining influence of upper longwall face were analysed. Amplitude spectrum parameters were used to give a better prediction of the physico-mechanical state of the surrounding rocks. 相似文献
65.
The Fourier Integral Method: An efficient spectral method for simulation of random fields 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The Fourier Integral Method (FIM) of spectral simulation, adapted to generate realizations of a random function in one, two, or three dimensions, is shown to be an efficient technique of non-conditional geostatistical simulation. The main contribution is the use of the fast Fourier transform for both numerical calculus of the density spectral function and as generator of random finite multidimensional sequences with imposed covariance. Results obtained with the FIM are compared with those obtained by other classic methods: Shinozuka and Jan Method in 1D and Turning Bands Method in 2D and 3D, the points for and against different methodologies are discussed. Moreover, with the FIM the simulation of nested structures, one of which can be a nugget effect and the simulation of both zonal and geometric anisotropy is straightforward. All steps taken to implement the FIM methodology are discussed. 相似文献
66.
67.
68.
69.
本文以太行山为界将华北地区分为东西两部分,东部为河淮块体,西部为鄂尔多斯块体.利用最小二乘法,从混合路径基阶瑞利面波群速度频散提取两块体的纯路径频散,并反演其地壳、上地幔的层状结构.所得结表果明,两块体的面波频散和地壳、上地幔结构存在明显差异.东部的河淮块体地壳较薄,地壳内平均速度比西部的鄂尔多斯块体壳内平均速度约低0.13km/s,壳内20km深度左右出现低速层;而西部的块体壳内速度成层递增,未见低速层出现.两块体上地幔顶部速度均偏低,地幔低速层的埋藏深度基本相同.但西部块体地幔低速层厚,且比东部块体地幔低速层的速度约低0.3km/s. 相似文献
70.
Dispersion of Rayleigh-type surface wave is studied in a homogeneous transversely isotropic elastic layer overlying a nondissipative liquid-saturated porous solid half-space and lying under a uniform layer of homogeneous liquid. The frequency equation in the form of ninth-order determinant is obtained.Special cases have been deduced by reducing the depth of the layers to zero and by changing the transverse isotropic layer to an isotropic layer. Dispersion curves for the phase velocity have been plotted for a particular model. 相似文献