Spatiotemporal estimation of snow depth using point data from snow stakes,digital terrain models,and satellite data          下载免费PDF全文

Antonio‐Juan Collados‐Lara  Eulogio Pardo‐Igúzquiza  David Pulido‐Velazquez 《水文研究》2017,31(10):1966-1982

Snow availability in Alpine catchments plays an important role in water resources management. In this paper, we propose a method for an optimal estimation of snow depth (areal extension and thickness) in Alpine systems from point data and satellite observations by using significant explanatory variables deduced from a digital terrain model. It is intended to be a parsimonious approach that may complement physical‐based methodologies. Different techniques (multiple regression, multicriteria analysis, and kriging) are integrated to address the following issues: We identify the explanatory variables that could be helpful on the basis of a critical review of the scientific literature. We study the relationship between ground observations and explanatory variables using a systematic procedure for a complete multiple regression analysis. Multiple regression models are calibrated combining all suggested model structures and explanatory variables. We also propose an evaluation of the models (using indices to analyze the goodness of fit) and select the best approaches (models and variables) on the basis of multicriteria analysis. Estimation of the snow depth is performed with the selected regression models. The residual estimation is improved by applying kriging in cases with spatial correlation. The final estimate is obtained by combining regression and kriging results, and constraining the snow domain in accordance with satellite data. The method is illustrated using the case study of the Sierra Nevada mountain range (Southern Spain). A cross‐validation experiment has confirmed the efficiency of the proposed procedure. Finally, although it is not the scope of this work, the snow depth is used to asses a first estimation of snow water equivalent resources.  相似文献   

Effect of rainfall uncertainty on the performance of physically based rainfall–runoff models     

Ignacio Fraga  Luis Cea  Jernimo Puertas 《水文研究》2019,33(1):160-173

This paper analyses the effect of rain data uncertainty on the performance of two hydrological models with different spatial structures: a semidistributed and a fully distributed model. The study is performed on a small catchment of 19.6 km² located in the north‐west of Spain, where the arrival of low pressure fronts from the Atlantic Ocean causes highly variable rainfall events. The rainfall fields in this catchment during a series of storm events are estimated using rainfall point measurements. The uncertainty of the estimated fields is quantified using a conditional simulation technique. Discharge and rain data, including the uncertainty of the estimated rainfall fields, are then used to calibrate and validate both hydrological models following the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology. In the storm events analysed, the two models show similar performance. In all cases, results show that the calibrated distribution of the input parameters narrows when the rain uncertainty is included in the analysis. Otherwise, when rain uncertainty is not considered, the calibration of the input parameters must account for all uncertainty in the rainfall–runoff transformation process. Also, in both models, the uncertainty of the predicted discharges increase in similar magnitude when the uncertainty of rainfall input increase.  相似文献   

Interpreting zirconium‐in‐rutile thermometric results          下载免费PDF全文

K. Taylor‐Jones  R. Powell 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2015,33(2):115-122

At first sight, experimental results and observations on rocks suggest that the Zr content in rutile, where equilibrated with quartz and zircon, should be a useful thermometer for metamorphic rocks. However, diffusion data for Zr in rutile imply that thermometry should not, for plausible rates of cooling, give the high temperatures commonly observed in high‐grade metamorphic rocks. It is suggested here that such observations can be accounted for by high‐T diffusive closure of Si in rutile, causing the interior of rutile grains to become insensitive to the thermometer equilibrium well above the temperature of Zr diffusive closure. Paired with comparatively slow grain boundary diffusion and problematic zircon nucleation, this allows for cases of Zr retention in rutile through temperatures where Zr is still diffusively mobile within rutile grains. Other observations that may be accounted for in this context are large inter‐grain ranges of rutile Zr contents uncorrelated with rutile grain size, and flat Zr profiles across individual rutile grains, counter to what would be expected from diffusive closure. A consequence is that it is unlikely that Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry will be useful for estimating rock cooling rates.  相似文献   

Sensitivity of soil parameters in unsaturated zone modelling and the relation between effective,laboratory and in situ estimates     

J. Mertens  H. Madsen  M. Kristensen  D. Jacques  J. Feyen 《水文研究》2005,19(8):1611-1633

Simulation of soil moisture content requires effective soil hydraulic parameters that are valid at the modelling scale. This study investigates how these parameters can be estimated by inverse modelling using soil moisture measurements at 25 locations at three different depths (at the surface, at 30 and 60 cm depth) on an 80 by 20 m hillslope. The study presents two global sensitivity analyses to investigate the sensitivity in simulated soil moisture content of the different hydraulic parameters used in a one‐dimensional unsaturated zone model based on Richards' equation. For estimation of the effective parameters the shuffled complex evolution algorithm is applied. These estimated parameters are compared to their measured laboratory and in situ equivalents. Soil hydraulic functions were estimated in the laboratory on 100 cm³ undisturbed soil cores collected at 115 locations situated in two horizons in three profile pits along the hillslope. Furthermore, in situ field saturated hydraulic conductivity was estimated at 120 locations using single‐ring pressure infiltrometer measurements. The sensitivity analysis of 13 soil physical parameters (saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s), saturated moisture content (θ_s), residual moisture content (θ_r), inverse of the air‐entry value (α), van Genuchten shape parameter (n), Averjanov shape parameter (N) for both horizons, and depth (d) from surface to B horizon) in a two‐layer single column model showed that the parameter N is the least sensitive parameter. K_s of both horizons, θ_s of the A horizon and d were found to be the most sensitive parameters. Distributions over all locations of the effective parameters and the distributions of the estimated soil physical parameters from the undisturbed soil samples and the single‐ring pressure infiltrometer estimates were found significantly different at a 5% level for all parameters except for α of the A horizon and K_s and θ_s of the B horizon. Different reasons are discussed to explain these large differences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

相干变化指数法在震害快速评估中的应用     

贾明娟  万祥星 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(3)

合成孔径雷达(SAR)具有全天候全天时的特点,为快速展开地震救援,评估震害损失提供了重要的数据支持。本文基于汶川震中东南平原地区的ENVISATASAR影像,利用相位干涉方法处理得到相干变化指数图像,对6个评估区域的像元相干变化指数进行统计分析,以相干变化指数平均值作为区分建筑物基本完好与损毁的阈值,并与实地调查结果相比,精度基本达到70%。验证干涉相干变化指数法对震害快速评估有效的同时,也为震区提供震害救援的依据。  相似文献   

基于最大发展潜力值的元胞自动机城市扩张模型     

张梦珂  刘艳芳  何青松 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(3):45-48

在城镇化发展水平及土地开发评价的基础上,评价待扩张区域土地转变潜力分值,基于最大转变潜力分值,提出一种有别于传统元胞自动机模拟城市扩张的新方法。该方法与传统元胞自动机模拟城市扩张相比在迭代方式上存在不同,它克服了传统元胞自动机因阈值设置不同而导致结果不确定的难题。分别将该方法与传统元胞自动机模型应用于武汉主城区,模拟了其2003年到2013年的城市扩张情况,最后,将模拟结果与实际土地利用现状图进行对比发现改进后的新方法在模拟精度上大大提高。  相似文献   

庐山地区地表温度反演分析     

徐静波 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(1):122-124

研究庐山地区的地表温度,对于本地区的生态保护和开发具有重要意义。本文使用了目标区域内Landsat TM/ETM+从2000~2010年间共8幅影像数据,利用单通道算法和NDVI地表辐射率估算方法反演了区域内的温度场,并生成了历年温度对比效果图。分析推断目标区域内的温度场可能存在一个短年限的温度变化起伏规律,对庐山周边山区的影响有待进一步研究。  相似文献   

GPS精密卫星钟差估计研究     

孟范伟 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(9):77-79

随着精密单点定位技术的发展,对于精确的卫星坐标以及卫星钟差改正精度的要求越来越高,精密卫星星历以及精密卫星钟差的求解成为制约精密单点定位技术发展的瓶颈。本文基于修复周跳的载波相位观测值与相位平滑伪距观测值,采用无电离层延迟星间单差精密卫星钟差估计模型,在先估计出整周模糊度后,进行了精密卫星钟差的估计,并采用与IGS事后精密钟差作二次差的方法进行精度分析,这对于提高精密单点定位精度具有一定的意义。  相似文献   

基于等价权抗差估计和线性规划的天线曲面拟合算法     

苏小文  李志静  黄浩 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(7):207-209

现有天线曲面拟合算法均基于最小二乘法,难以消除多个粗差对拟合结果的影响。本文基于等价权抗差估计思想,利用线性规划计算残差初值,再进行选权迭代计算。通过算例,证明本文方法能较好地探查多个粗差,且计算结果精度更高。  相似文献   

PEIV模型参数估计新算法     

汪奇生  杨根新 《测绘科学技术学报》2016,(4):341-345

PEIV(Partial Errors-In-Variables)模型是EIV模型的扩展,它能解决系数矩阵含有非随机元素或存在结构特性的问题。针对常规PEIV模型算法的复杂性,提出了一种PEIV模型参数估计的新算法。该算法将系数矩阵含误差的元素看成是一类观测值,与平差模型原观测值构成两类观测值,将PEIV平差模型表示为类似于传统的最小二乘间接平差模型,再通过非线性最小二乘平差理论,推导出了算法的迭代公式和精度评定公式。算法迭代格式与间接平差类似,通过算例验证了算法的可行性和正确性。  相似文献