1967—2017年甘肃省小麦需水量和缺水量时空特征          下载免费PDF全文

张华  王浩 《干旱区地理》2019,42(5):1094-1104

基于甘肃省28个气象站点1967—2017年的逐日气象数据,采用Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数计算了小麦的需水量,结合美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的方法计算了有效降水量,进一步得出小麦缺水量,并分析了小麦需水量与缺水量的变化趋势和空间分布特征,探讨了小麦需水量影响因子重要程度。结果表明:1967—2017年甘肃省春、冬小麦全生育期的年平均需水量分别为517.03 mm和436.70 mm,年平均缺水量分别为468.24 mm和301.54 mm;在时间上,51 a来春小麦种植区内的需水量与缺水量整体上无明显的趋势变化,而冬小麦种植区内的需水量与缺水量整体上呈明显上升趋势;在空间上,春小麦种植区内需水量和缺水量大致由西北向东南递减,冬小麦种植区内的需水量和缺水量大致由西向东递减。甘肃省小麦生育期内日照时数和日平均气温是影响小麦需水量的主要因素。  相似文献   

汶川地震前后红河断裂闭锁程度和滑动亏损研究     

鲁小飞  谭凯  赵斌  王东振  李琦 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(5):464-468

以1998～2007年和2009～2017年中国大陆水平GPS速度场为约束,基于块体-位错模型,研究2008年汶川地震前后红河断裂运动特征。结果表明,汶川地震后红河断裂平均右旋走滑速率约为4.5 mm/a,其北段走滑速率增大明显,中段次之,而南段明显减弱;倾滑速率北段减弱明显,中段和南段有所减弱。汶川地震后红河断裂闭锁程度和滑动亏损中、北段都有所增加,南段减弱较大;近期红河断裂滑动亏损北段达到10 mm/a以上,中段也在5～8 mm/a,平均闭锁深度在20 km左右。分析认为,汶川地震对红河断裂中、北段影响较小,南段影响较大。  相似文献   

海南省1988～2004年生态足迹动态分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

符国基 《地域研究与开发》2006,25(6):58-63

生态足迹方法是分析国家或地区自然资源可持续利用的重要方法。文章对海南省1988-2004年的生态足迹进行计算和分析。结果表明：1988～2004年,海南省人均生态足迹由0．5894hm^2升至2．1423hm^2,增长率为263．5％,年均增长16．5％;海南省人均生态承载力由1．7857hm2降至1．4605hm^2,下降率为22．1％,年均下降1．4％;海南省人均生态盈余／赤字由盈余1．2863hm^2降至赤字0．6818hm^2,下降率为836．4%,年均下降52．3％。生态赤字在2000年开始出现持续上升,海洋足迹需求过大是其主要原因。只要改变海洋开发方式,减少海洋足迹需求以致于不超过其生态承载力,海南就基本能够实现生态可持续发展。  相似文献   

Ecological Footprint dynamics of Yunnan, China     

Sam Buchanan 《山地科学学报》2009,6(3):286-292

A fundamental element of sustainable development is that humans live within nature＇s biological capacity. Quantifying this, however, remains a significant challenge for which there are many emerging tools. The concept of the Ecological Footprint is one such accounting tool for comprehensive assessment of the status of sustainable development, based on integration of resource consumption and land capacity, reflecting the human impact on the environment. A region＇s development is defined as unsustainable when the Ecological Footprint surpasses the biological capacity. In this paper, the Ecological Footprint concept Was applied in assessing the development of Yunnan Province, China in a period between 1988 and 2006. The results showed that the Ecological Footprint per capita in Yunnan rose from 0.854 gha in 1988 to 2.11 gha in 2006. Ecological deficit, defined as when the human demand on the land surpasses the regions biological productive capacity, emerged in 1991 and quickly increased from 0.02 gha in 1991 to 1.05 gha in 2006. The increase in the ecological deficit is primarily a result of the rapid increase in population and consumption level. To achieve sustainable development in Yunnan, production and consumption rates need to be modified.  相似文献   

Measurements of transpiration in four tropical rainforest types of north Queensland,Australia     

David McJannet  Peter Fitch  Mark Disher  Jim Wallace 《水文研究》2007,21(26):3549-3564

Transpiration of four different rainforest types in north Queensland, Australia, was determined using the heat pulse technique for periods ranging between 391 and 657 days. Despite the complexity of the natural rainforest systems being studied, the relationship between sample tree size and daily water use was found to be strong, thus providing a robust means by which to scale transpiration from individual trees to the entire forest stand. Transpiration was shown to be dependent on solar radiation and atmospheric demand for moisture with little evidence of limitation by soil moisture supply. Total stand transpiration was controlled by forest characteristics such as stem density, size distribution and sapwood area. Annual transpiration for each of the four sites ranged between 353 mm for cloud forest and 591 mm for montane rainforest. In comparison with the international literature, transpiration from Australian rainforests is low; the reasons for this could be related to a combination of differences in forest structure, climatic conditions, canopy wetness duration and tree physiology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Thermal infrared imaging of the temporal variability in stomatal conductance for fruit trees     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

Repeated measurements using thermal infrared remote sensing were used to characterize the change in canopy temperature over time and factors that influenced this change on ‘Conference’ pear trees (Pyrus communis L.). Three different types of sensors were used, a leaf porometer to measure leaf stomatal conductance, a thermal infrared camera to measure the canopy temperature and a meteorological sensor to measure weather variables. Stomatal conductance of water stressed pear was significantly lower than in the control group 9 days after stress began. This decrease in stomatal conductance reduced transpiration, reducing evaporative cooling that increased canopy temperature. Using thermal infrared imaging with wavelengths between 7.5 and13 μm, the first significant difference was measured 18 days after stress began. A second order derivative described the average rate of change of the difference between the stress treatment and control group. The average rate of change for stomatal conductance was 0.06 (mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and for canopy temperature was −0.04 (°C) with respect to days. Thermal infrared remote sensing and data analysis presented in this study demonstrated that the differences in canopy temperatures between the water stress and control treatment due to stomata regulation can be validated.  相似文献   

甘蔗茎伸长量与气象水分参数的相关性分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

吴炫柯  段毅强  陈利东 《气象科技》2011,39(1):110-113

为了研究气象水分参数对甘蔗茎伸长量的影响,用2003-2007年柳州市农业气象试验站甘蔗生育状况观测数据及同期的气象水分参数(降水量、参考作物蒸散量、水分盈亏量以及水分收入量),利用SPSS软件对甘蔗蔗茎旬伸长量与气象水分参数进行统计回归分析.结果表明:2003-2007年各年旬甘蔗伸长量与旬水分收入量关系最密切,呈显...  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of the influence of management alternatives of a projected reservoir on a small alluvial aquifer affected by seawater intrusion (Almuñécar, Spain)     

F. Padilla  J. Benavente  J. Cruz-Sanjulián 《Environmental Geology》1997,33(1):72-80

The present study concerns the application of a numerical approach to describe the influence of anthropogenic modifications in surface flows (operation of a projected reservoir) on the freshwater-seawater relationships in a downstream coastal aquifer which has seasonal seawater intrusion problems (River Verde alluvial aquifer, Almuñécar, southern Spain). A steady-state finite element solution to the partial differential equation governing the regional motion of a phreatic surface and the resulting sharp interface between fresh water and salt water was used to predict the regional behavior of the River Verde aquifer under actual surface flow conditions. The present model approximates, with simple triangular elements, the regional behavior of a coastal aquifer under appropriate sinks, sources, Neumann and open boundary conditions. A steady-state solution to this numerical approach has been shown to precisely calculate freshwater heads, saltwater thicknesses, and freshwater discharges along steeply sloping coasts. Hence, the adequate treatment and interpretation of the hydrogeological data which are available for the River Verde aquifer have been of main concern in satisfactorily applying the proposed numerical model. Present simulated conditions consider steady-state yearly averaged amounts of external supplies of fresh water in order to determine the influences of the projected Otívar reservoir on the further behavior of the River Verde coastal aquifer. When recharges occur at the coastline, essentially because of freshwater deficits due to groundwater overexploitation, a hypothesis of mixing for the freshwater-saltwater transition zone is made in order to still allow the model to continue calculating groundwater heads under the sea level, and, as a consequence, the resulting seawater intrusion and recharges of saltwater from the sea. Simulations show that a considerable advance in seawater intrusion would be expected in the coastal aquifer if current rates of groundwater pumping continue and a significant part of the runoff from the River Verde is channeled from the Otívar reservoir for irrigation purposes.  相似文献   

Evaluating climate model outputs for hydrological applications     

R. L. Wilby 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(7):1090-1093

Citation Wilby, R. L. (2010) Evaluating climate model outputs for hydrological applications – Opinion. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1090–1093.  相似文献   

GPS揭示的郯庐断裂带中南段闭锁及滑动亏损   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李彦川  单新建  宋小刚  姜宇  甘卫军  屈春燕  王振杰 《地球物理学报》2016,59(11):4022-4034

利用华北地区2009—2014年GPS水平运动速度场数据,采用块体负位错模型反演了郯庐断裂带中南段断层深部滑动速率、断层闭锁程度分布、断层滑动亏损速率分布及地震矩积累率,结合地表应变率分布,对郯庐断裂带中南段深、浅部形变、应变特征以及华北地区的地壳形变模式进行了分析.结果表明:郯庐断裂中南段的北端主要为右旋走滑特性,南端则表现为右旋走滑兼拉张性运动,断层滑动速率在0.9mm·a~(-1)至1.2mm·a~(-1),且沿断层走向由北至南逐次增大.断层闭锁程度分布沿走向分布不均一,断层闭锁深度由最北端的27km增加到中段的32km,至最南端变为5km,断层闭锁最深处与1668年郯城MS8.5震中位置相对应.断层滑动亏损速率沿走向由0.9mm·a~(-1)增加到1.2mm·a~(-1),沿倾向由地表至深部逐渐减小为0mm·a~(-1).地震矩积累率在郯庐断裂带中南段郯城附近较大,而地表对应区域为第二应不变分量的低值区.华北地区地壳变形以块体运动为主,块体内部应变及断层闭锁产生的负位错效应次之;郯庐断裂带中南段断层形变沿走向呈条带状分布,形变宽度单侧小于50km,形变量不超过1mm·a~(-1),且上盘形变略大于下盘.  相似文献