我国沙尘暴特征及其与干旱关系的研究进展   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

李耀辉  张书余 《地球科学进展》2007,22(11):1169-1176

阐述了我国沙尘暴空间分布、时间演变的最新事实特征，综述了我国沙尘暴与干旱关系研究方面有代表性的新成果，在此基础上探讨了沙尘暴灾害的形成及其与干旱相互作用的物理机制。  相似文献   

基于地磁水平分量序列的磁暴自动识别   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

易世华  李夕海  李志刚 《地震地磁观测与研究》2007,28(1):37-41

应用小波包分析技术提取了地磁水平分量序列的能量特征,用Fisher方法进行识别,研究了磁暴与非磁暴的识别率在不同时间长度t下的变化规律.当t=1h时,对磁暴与非磁暴的平均识别率达到83.8%;在确定为磁暴的前提下,进一步将磁暴按强度分为强磁暴(磁情指数K≥8)和非强磁暴(K≤7),平均识别率为72.9%.在对地磁水平分量进行连续实时监测的情况下,用这种方法可实现对磁暴的自动识别.  相似文献   

Dust emission from wet and dry playas in the Mojave Desert,USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Richard L. Reynolds  James C. Yount  Marith Reheis  Harland Goldstein  Pat Chavez Jr.  Robert Fulton  John Whitney  Christopher Fuller  Richard M. Forester 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(12):1811-1827

The interactions between playa hydrology and playa‐surface sediments are important factors that control the type and amount of dust emitted from playas as a result of wind erosion. The production of evaporite minerals during evaporative loss of near‐surface ground water results in both the creation and maintenance of several centimeters or more of loose sediment on and near the surfaces of wet playas. Observations that characterize the texture, mineralogic composition and hardness of playa – surfaces at Franklin Lake, Soda Lake and West Cronese Lake playas in the Mojave Desert (California), along with imaging of dust emission using automated digital photography, indicate that these kinds of surface sediment are highly susceptible to dust emission. The surfaces of wet playas are dynamic surface texture and sediment availability to wind erosion change rapidly, primarily in response to fluctuations in water‐table depth, rainfall and rates of evaporation. In contrast, dry playas are characterized by ground water at depth. Consequently, dry playas commonly have hard surfaces that produce little or no dust if undisturbed except for transient silt and clay deposited on surfaces by wind and water. Although not the dominant type of global dust, salt‐rich dusts from wet playas may be important with respect to radiative properties of dust plumes, atmospheric chemistry, windborne nutrients and human health. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Donald Ralph Bowes     

Bernard Elgey Leake 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2007,118(1):5-10

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Numerical Study on a Severe Downburst-Producing Thunderstorm on 23 August 2001 in Beijing   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

付丹红  郭学良 《大气科学进展》2007,24(2):227-238

A thunderstorm that produced severe wind, heavy rain and hail on 23 August 2001 in Beijing was studied by a three-dimensional cloud model including hail-bin microphysics. This model can provide important information for hail size at the surface, which is not available in hail parameterization cloud models. The results shows that the cloud model, using hail-bin microphysics, could reasonably reflect the storm＇s characteristics such as life cycle, rainfall distribution and the diameter of the hailstones and also can reproduce developing processes of downbursts, where they can then be compared with the observed features of the storm. The downburst formation mechanism was investigated based on the cloud microphysics of the simulated storm and it was found that the downburst was primarily produced by hail-loading and enhanced by cooling processes that were due to hail melting and rain evaporation. The loading and melting of hail played crucial roles in the formation of downbursts within the storm.  相似文献   

河西走廊中西部一次特强沙尘暴的对称不稳定诊断分析     

王伏村  付有智  刘秀兰  殷雪莲  邵亮 《干旱气象》2007,25(4):18-24

2007年4月13日在河西走廊中西部发生了特强沙尘暴,极大风速25m/s,最小能见度50m。用风云2号卫星红外云图对下沉急流云头进行跟踪,并用NCEP(1°×1°)6h再分析数据对高速下沉急流到达冷锋云带前后的静力不稳定、条件不稳定、条件对称不稳定等进行了诊断分析。结果表明:这次强沙尘暴由高速下沉急流引起,急流头部触发了锋区附近强对流发生;凝结潜热释放先在对流层中层发生,然后向下发展,使对流层中下部转为条件不稳定层,700hPa附近的条件不稳定能量释放使边界层对流环流迅速增强,引发了这次特强沙尘暴。  相似文献   

Loss of soil and PM10 from agricultural fields associated with high winds on the Columbia Plateau     

B. Sharratt  G. Feng  L. Wendling 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(4):621-630

Winter wheat–summer fallow is the conventional cropping system employed on >1·5 million ha within the Columbia Plateau of eastern Washington and northern Oregon. Wind erosion contributes to poor air quality in the region, yet little is known concerning the magnitude of soil and PM10 (particulate matter of ≤10 µm in aerodynamic diameter) loss from agricultural lands. Therefore, loss of soil and PM10 was assessed from a silt loam in eastern Washington during 2003 and 2004. Field sites were maintained in fallow using conventional tillage practices in 2003 (9 ha field) and 2004 (16 ha field) and instrumented to assess horizontal soil flux and PM10 concentrations at the windward and leeward positions in the field during high‐wind events. Soil flux was measured using creep and airborne sediment collectors while PM10 concentrations were measured using high‐volume PM10 samplers. Aggregate size distribution of parent soil and eroded sediment was characterized by rotary and sonic sieving. Six high‐wind events occurred over the two year period, with soil loss ranging from 43 kg ha^?1 for the 12–22 September 2003 event to 2320 kg ha^?1 for the 27–29 October 2003 event. Suspension‐sized particulates (<100 µm in diameter) comprised ≥90 per cent of the eroded sediment, indicating that direct suspension may be an important process by which the silt loam eroded. The corresponding loss of PM10 for these two events ranged from 5 to 210 kg ha^?1. Loss of PM10 comprised 9–12 per cent of the total soil loss for the six events. This study suggests that the relatively small loss of PM10 from eroding agricultural fields maintained in summer fallow can affect air quality in the Columbia Plateau. Therefore, alternative tillage practices or cropping systems are needed for minimizing PM10 emissions and improving air quality in the region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

沙尘气溶胶粒子表面变性对云滴形成过程的影响   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9  

黄蔚薇  杨军  凌士兵  牛生杰 《南京气象学院学报》2007,30(2):210-215

利用1997年5月14日辽宁省气溶胶和云滴谱航测资料,讨论了沙尘气溶胶粒子表面变性产生的不溶性沙尘粒子外包可溶性硫酸铵层的混合气溶胶粒子作为凝结核的增长规律,计算了由混和核形成的云滴谱特征,并与纯硫酸铵盐核进行对比.结果表明:混和核上初期形成的云滴谱型比纯硫酸铵盐核上初期形成的云滴谱型要宽,更接近实际观测到的云滴谱分布.  相似文献   

渤海西岸致灾风暴潮的统计预报模型   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王月宾 《气象》2007,33(9):40-46

渤海西岸是风暴潮灾害多发区,1990年代以后发生几率和灾害损失明显增加。利用气象科学和海洋水文科学相结合的方法,依据黄骅港潮汐资料,对发生在渤海西岸的风暴潮进行统计分析。结果表明,台风和强冷空气配合气旋是造成渤海西岸风暴潮的主要天气系统,偏东大风增水和天文潮叠加是造成风暴潮的直接因素;风暴潮和天文潮汐都有半日潮现象。在此基础上,建立了渤海西岸风暴潮预报模型,通过台风或冷空气配合气旋影响时增水值的计算,结合天文潮汐资料,做出最高潮位预报。应用该预报方法对渤海西岸发生的7次风暴潮进行回报,预报值与实测值基本相当,是基层台站较实用的预报方法。  相似文献   

沙尘气溶胶辐射特性及其观测方法初步评述     

王娜  张镭 《干旱气象》2007,25(4):68-74

沙尘气溶胶在全球及区域尺度气候和环境变化中起着十分重要的作用,大气中的沙尘可通过"阳伞效应"、"冰核效应"和"铁肥料效应"影响全球气候。本文对沙尘气溶胶的气候效应及观测方法进行了介绍。  相似文献