Acceptance of the international compensation regime for tanker oil pollution – And its implications for China     

《Marine Policy》2015

The international compensation regime for tanker oil pollution has been successful in providing adequate and prompt compensation to pollution victims in its member states. Nevertheless, the attitudes of different countries toward acceptance of this regime have varied considerably. This paper aims to explain three main factors in the acceptance of the regime, including: (1) The level of economic development; (2) the risk of exposure to tanker oil spills; and (3) the financial burden associated with adherence to the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC). Using both fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and an Ordered Probit model, this study found two patterns causing upper-middle and high income countries to have a high acceptance level: (a) Those facing a medium risk of oil spills and having a low financial burden; and (b) those facing a high risk of oil spills. The study reveals that, for a country with a high risk of exposure to tanker oil spills, such as China, with its improvement in economic status it is far better for it to join the IOPC Fund, so as to provide better protection both for potential pollution victims and for the marine environment. The results of this study can also be applied to other countries that are considering whether or not to accept the international compensation regime for tanker oil pollution.  相似文献   

Human dignity: A fundamental guiding value for a human rights approach to fisheries?     

《Marine Policy》2015

Recently, a human rights approach has been center-staged within fisheries governance as a response to the limits of private property rights in reducing insecurity and vulnerability among fishers and fishing communities. Despite its growing adoption in international legal frameworks and among civil society organizations, the conceptual pitfalls of the human rights approach to fisheries (i.e., its neoliberal tendencies and the neglect of collective rights and social duties) raised by critical scholarship remain largely unsettled, leading to practical concerns about whether such a framework will ultimately benefit fishers on the ground. To further contribute to the debate, this article presents a nuanced discussion of the human rights perspective by introducing the concept of human dignity. Specifically, it argues that human dignity, with its greater conceptual scope and depth, could act as a foundational value with which to mitigate some of the shortcomings of the human rights approach. The purpose here is suggestive rather than definitive and is aimed at highlighting the link that has not been clearly made between human rights and human dignity. I argue that heightened attention to human dignity has the potential to create wider support for the human rights approach and ultimately help facilitate its efficacy in fisheries.  相似文献   

波面位移非线性特征数值研究     

韩晓鹏  宋金宝 《海洋科学》2015,39(12):150-156

基于Longuest-Higgins(1963)非线性海浪模型,在有限水深且存在均匀背景流的条件下,根据Song(2006)给出的波面位移二阶表达式,采用Combi海浪频谱计算了海表面定点波面位移时间序列和波面位移概率统计分布。分析了波面位移统计分布随风速、水深、反波龄和均匀背景流的变化特征和规律以及不同海况条件下二阶非线性项对波面位移统计分布的影响。结果表明:二阶非线性项使波面位移分布偏离正态分布,二阶非线性作用受风速、水深、反波龄和均匀背景流的影响。风速增大、水深降低、反波龄减小或者均匀背景流和风速传播方向相反均使波面位移二阶非线性项的作用加强,无因次波面位移概率密度分布的偏度和峰度随之增大,反之则二阶非线性项作用减弱。当均匀背景流和风速相同时,虽然使非线性项的作用减弱,但平均波面位移反而比静止水平面降低。当均匀背景流和风速相反时,虽然使非线性作用增强,但平均波面位移反而趋于静止水平面。得到如下结论:二阶非线性项对于波面位移有显著影响,数值模拟波面位移需要增加二阶非线性项。通过以上研究,提高了数值模拟波面位移的准确性,而波面位移是海浪最基本的特征量,从而增强了海浪模拟和预报的准确性,对海洋工程、海–气相互作用、上层海洋动力学等具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Short-term statistics of waves measured off Ratnagiri,eastern Arabian Sea     

《Applied Ocean Research》2015

The short-term wave characteristics are required for design and operation of industrial facilities within the coastal areas. Water surface displacement measured using waverider buoy moored at 13 m water depth in the eastern Arabian Sea off the west coast of India have been analyzed to study the short-term statistics of waves covering full one year period. The study indicates that the values of the observed maximum wave height as a function of duration are not consistent with the theoretical expected value. There is significant variation (1.29–2.19) in the ratio between highest 1% wave and significant wave height compared to the theoretical value of 1.67. The data recorded at 13 m water depth indicates that the significant wave height is ∼8% lower than that predicted by the conventional Rayleigh distribution. The theoretical bivariate log-normal distribution represents the joint distributions of wave heights and periods for the study area.  相似文献   

On the Impact of the Assimilation of SARAL/AltiKa Wave Data in the Operational Wave Model MFWAM     

Lotfi Aouf  Jean-Michel Lefèvre 《Marine Geodesy》2015,38(3):381-395

As a part of our calibration/validation activities five months of SARAL/AltiKa wave data have been analyzed in this study. A robust quality control procedure using threshold values on signal and retrieved wave heights was implemented before the assimilation. Assimilation runs in the wave model Météo-France (MFWAM) were performed for a long period. The validation of the model outputs was performed with independent wave observations from altimeter and buoy data. The results indicate good performance in terms of bias and scatter index for the significant wave height and the peak wave period. Statistical analyses were performed for different ocean basins (high and intermediate latitudes and tropics). The use of SARAL/AltiKa and Jason-2 wave data combined was also investigated. This leads to further improvements for the analysis and forecast periods. In other respects, the impact of the assimilation of SARAL/AltiKa wave data is discussed for waves under strong wind conditions such as typhoons Fitow and Danas which occurred in early October 2013.  相似文献   

First Calibration Results for the SARAL/AltiKa Altimetric Mission Using the Gavdos Permanent Facilities     

Stelios P. Mertikas  Antonis Daskalakis  Ilias N. Tziavos  George Vergos  Xenofon Fratzis  Achilleas Tripolitsiotis 《Marine Geodesy》2015,38(3):249-259

This work presents the first calibration results for the SARAL/AltiKa altimetric mission using the Gavdos permanent calibration facilities. The results cover one year of altimetric observations from April 2013 to March 2014 and include 11 calibration values for the altimeter bias. The reference ascending orbit No. 571 of SARAL/AltiKa has been used for this altimeter assessment. This satellite pass is coming from south and nears Gavdos, where it finally passes through its west coastal tip, only 6 km off the main calibration location. The selected calibration regions in the south sea of Gavdos range from about 8 km to 20 km south off the point of closest approach. Several reference surfaces have been chosen for this altimeter evaluation based on gravimetric, but detailed regional geoid, as well as combination of it with other altimetric models.

Based on these observations and the gravimetric geoid model, the altimeter bias for the SARAL/AltiKa is determined as mean value of ?46mm ±10mm, and a median of ?42 mm ±10 mm, using GDR-T data at 40 Hz rate. A preliminary cross-over analysis of the sea surface heights at a location south of Gavdos showed that SARAL/AltiKa measure less than Jason-2 by 4.6 cm. These bias values are consistent with those provided by Corsica, Harvest, and Karavatti Cal/Val sites. The wet troposphere and the ionosphere delay values of satellite altimetric measurements are also compared against in-situ observations (?5 mm difference in wet troposphere and almost the same for the ionosphere) determined by a local array of permanent GNSS receivers, and meteorological sensors.  相似文献   

2013年初春一次平流雾过程对江苏交通的影响分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王博妮  袁成松  陈鹏 《气象与环境科学》2015,38(1):46-53

2013年3月18—19日江苏省一次平流雾天气具有突发性强、影响范围广、强度大、持续时间长等特点。利用江苏省高速公路自动气象监测站(AWM)数据、FNL数据和常规气象资料,对其成因进行分析,并评价其对交通及预报服务质量的影响。结果表明:高中低层的暖平流和入海变性冷高压为平流雾发生发展提供了有利的环流形势;持续变化较小的气压梯度、相对湿度的陡增、地面弱冷空气产生的温差和在偏东风风速达6 m·s-1时,平流雾即可快速生成;较低的混合层高度和逆温存在是低能见度形成的必要条件,能见度越低时混合层高度也就越低;近地层的冷平流和中高层的暖平流形成平流逆温,同时配合近地面的弱上升运动,有利于雾的形成和维持。根据江苏省交通气象台关于雾的预报服务发布流程规范和预报质量评价,本次雾过程中对高速公路、高架桥和长江航道的预报服务准确、及时,服务质量良好,有效地避免了交通事故的发生。  相似文献   

热带太平洋海平面高度的年代际异常及其与中国东部夏季降水的关系   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

李丽平  袁爱军 《大气科学学报》2015,38(3):371-378

利用美国国家海洋和大气管理局的GODAS逐月海平面高度资料、NCEP/NCAR 850 h Pa逐月风场再分析资料和中国160站逐月降水资料,分析了热带太平洋海平面高度(Sea Surface Height,SSH)年代际异常的时空特征,并进一步分析了夏季热带太平洋SSH、850 h Pa风场与中国东部夏季降水年代际异常的相关关系。结果表明:1)从秋到冬,热带太平洋SSH年代际异常主要空间形态向类"ENSO"型异常发展,从春到夏,类"ENSO"型异常逐渐减弱直到消失。1996前后热带太平洋SSH发生一次显著年代际转折,转折之后热带太平洋SSH呈东低西高特征,不同季节有所差异。2)1990年前后夏季热带太平洋SSH发生的一次弱波动,持续影响夏季大气环流,使得1992年前后东亚夏季风出现减弱趋势,造成中国东部黄河以南地区,特别是华南夏季降水显著异常偏多,四川盆地和东北大部降水异常偏少;1996年SSH的实质性转折加剧了中国夏季降水的年代际异常趋势。  相似文献   

云底高度的地基毫米波云雷达观测及其对比   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

唐英杰  马舒庆  杨玲  陶法  李思腾  谢成华  唐凡洁 《应用气象学报》2015,26(6):680-687

对2014年11月20日—12月31日中国气象局大气探测综合试验基地Ka波段毫米波云雷达、Vaisala CL51激光云高仪、L波段高空探测系统观测的云底高度进行对比分析。结果表明:在低能见度条件下,毫米波云雷达对云的探测能力明显优于激光云高仪,随着能见度的增加,两设备云探测能力差距在减小;毫米波云雷达与激光云高仪同时观测到有云时,二者观测的云底高度相关系数为0.92;毫米波云雷达与探空观测云底、云顶高度的相关系数分别为0.93和0.78;云雷达观测的云底高度均略低于激光云高仪和探空,云雷达观测的云顶高度略高于探空。  相似文献   

基于激光雷达资料的小波变换法反演边界层高度的方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李红  马媛媛  杨毅 《干旱气象》2015,(1):78-88

利用小波变换法反演边界层高度时,不同小波母函数的选取可能得到不同的边界层高度。因此,对构造的白天及夜间激光雷达后向散射信号理想廓线进行Haar小波协方差变换,并对后向散射信号梯度廓线进行Morlet与Mexican Hat小波变换反演边界层高度。结果表明,宜采用Haar函数与Mexican Hat函数作为小波母函数,其中Haar函数准确性优于Mexican Hat函数,而Mexican Hat函数更易稳定。同时为了进一步检验3种小波变换法的反演结果对小波振幅的敏感性,通过改变小波母函数的小波振幅,发现无论是理想廓线还是叠加扰动的廓线,较大的小波振幅易得到比较稳定准确的白天边界层高度与夜间混合层高度。  相似文献