基于多重随机k维树地震搜索引擎的建立     

刘华姣  江玉乐  魏强  赵峰 《防灾减灾学报》2014,(4)

描述了数据库的构建、利用多重随机k维树建立地震搜索引擎的过程。通过实际搜索测试,证明了利用地震搜索引擎确定震源信息的可行性,并探讨了其存在的问题及相应的改进措施。结果表明,地震搜索引擎能够自动、快速的确定震源信息,具有很强的实用性。  相似文献   

Leaf margins and temperature in the North American flora: Recalibrating the paleoclimatic thermometer     

J.M.  W.A.  Y.   《Global and Planetary Change》2008,60(3-4):523-534

For almost a century, leaf margin analysis has been an important method of estimating Cenozoic paleotemperatures. However, the relation between the proportion of toothed versus entire leaves and temperature has so far been calibrated and characterized using relatively small numbers of opportunistically and irregularly collected floras.Here we present the results of the first systematic spatially-distributed analysis of the relation between leaf margins and temperature for North America.We used species range maps of native North American dicot trees to derive synthetic local floras for each 50 km grid cell in the USA and Canada, and compared the percentage of entire-margined species with the mean annual temperature in each cell. Leaf margin type for each species was assigned using illustrations from appropriate regional North America floras.This analysis confirms that high-rainfall areas of the eastern USA and Canada show a strong inverse relationship between toothed margin percentage and mean annual temperature in the range 0–25 °C. The values we estimate are roughly similar to those obtained from floras in east Asia and previous analyses in North America, but the detailed curve is more complex, showing a distinct change in slope above a mean annual temperature of 20 °C. Wetter climate areas of the coastal western USA do not show any significant correlation between leaf margin percentage and temperature. This may relate to the confounding effect of the diverse topography of the West Coast, or it may be caused by the depleted dicotyledonous tree flora of this area.Like previous studies, this paper demonstrates that there indeed is a strong relationship between leaf margin percentage and temperature on a regional scale in eastern North America. However the relationship does not have the same linear behavior as results obtained from previous analyses. We discuss the implications of the results obtained here for paleoclimatic reconstruction in the content of other leaf margin analyses based on North American sites.  相似文献   

巨厚松散层下防水煤柱合理留设及其数值模拟     

王睿  孟召平  谢晓彤  贾立龙  汪元有 《煤田地质与勘探》2011,39(1):31-35

防水煤柱合理留设是巨厚松散层下煤炭开采设计的基本参数。通过对东欢坨矿第四系巨厚松散层地质特征分析,揭示了本区第四系巨厚松散层中的含、隔水层厚度及其结构分布特征和对煤炭开采充水的影响,建立了巨厚松散含水层下防水安全煤柱计算模型和理论,提出了在巨厚松散层下的防水煤柱留设的非线性计算方法,计算东欢坨矿8煤层防水煤岩柱的高度为65.62 m。根据流-固耦合理论,应用FLAC3D数值模拟计算软件,模拟了东欢坨矿 8煤层开采过程中上覆岩层变形破坏规律,揭示了煤层顶板岩体冒落带、导水裂隙带和弯曲下沉带的分布规律,获得了防水煤柱高度及相关工程技术参数,验证了巨厚松散层下防水煤柱留设的非线性设计方法和计算模型的可靠性,为巨厚松散层下防水煤柱合理留设探索了可行途径。   相似文献   

地理作用和集聚演化：基于数据挖掘的分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

葛莹  吴野 《地理科学进展》2009,28(6):855-862

经济集聚是工业社会中一种普遍存在的地理现象。它可以发生在不同的地理层面上,具有多种空间组织结构。在回答地理是否会影响集聚演化的问题上存在着两种不同的观点。其一是认为良好的地理环境将有助于经济集聚的产生,并且地理作用在其发展过程中持续存在;其二是认为地理仅是集聚形成的一个触发因子,其发展可以依赖纯经济因素而不是比较优势。本文运用数据挖掘技术,将演化时段分成集聚形成和集聚发展二个阶段,从另一个角度详细分析这两种观点。研究结论表明,集聚的形成受到自然地理要素的影响比经济地理要素要大。但经济地理要素对集聚增长具有显著的作用,经济因素和交通因素是集聚规模增加的关键所在,而自然地理因素作用被削弱了。  相似文献   

Explaining island‐wide geographical patterns of Caribbean fish diversity: A multi‐scale seascape ecology approach          下载免费PDF全文

Linn Sekund  Simon Pittman 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(3)

Geographical patterning of fish diversity across coral reef seascapes is driven by many interacting environmental variables operating at multiple spatial scales. Identifying suites of variables that explain spatial patterns of fish diversity is central to ecology and informs prioritization in marine conservation, particularly where protection of the highest biodiversity coral reefs is a primary goal. However, the relative importance of conventional within‐patch variables versus the spatial patterning of the surrounding seascape is still unclear in the ecology of fishes on coral reefs. A multi‐scale seascape approach derived from landscape ecology was applied to quantify and examine the explanatory roles of a wide range of variables at different spatial scales including: (i) within‐patch structural attributes from field data (5 × 1 m² sample unit area); (ii) geometry of the seascape from sea‐floor maps (10–50 m radius seascape units); and wave exposure from a hydrodynamic model (240 m resolution) for 251 coral reef survey sites in the US Virgin Islands. Non‐parametric statistical learning techniques using single classification and regression trees (CART) and ensembles of boosted regression trees (TreeNet) were used to: (i) model interactions; and (ii) identify the most influential environmental predictors from multiple data types (diver surveys, terrain models, habitat maps) across multiple spatial scales (1–196,350 m²). Classifying the continuous response variables into a binary category and instead predicting the presence and absence of fish species richness hotspots (top 10% richness) increased the predictive performance of the models. The best CART model predicted fish richness hotspots with 80% accuracy. The statistical interaction between abundance of living scleractinian corals measured by SCUBA divers within 1 m² quadrats and the topographical complexity of the surrounding sea‐floor terrain (150 m radius seascape unit) measured from a high‐resolution terrain model best explained geographical patterns in fish richness hotspots. The comparatively poor performance of models predicting continuous variability in fish diversity across the seascape could be a result of a decoupling of the diversity‐environment relationship owing to structural degradation leading to a widespread homogenization of coral reef structure.  相似文献   

Significance tests for multivariate normality of clusters from branching patterns in dendrograms     

P. H. A. Sneath 《Mathematical Geology》1986,18(1):3-32

A significance test is presented for whether, based on levels of branches in a dendrogram, a cluster is from a multivariate normal distribution. The method compares the observed cumulative graph of number of branches with a graph derived from a simple logistic function. Provided the number of objects or variables is not small, the difference between graphs can be tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramér-von Mises, and Lilliefors statistics.Logistic functions were obtained by simulation and are available for three similarity measures: (1) Euclidean distances, (2) squared Euclidean distances, and (3) simple matching coefficients, and for five cluster methods: (1) WPGMA, (2) UPGMA, (3) single linkage (or minimum spanning trees), (4) complete linkage, and (5) Ward's increase in sums of squares. For simple matching coefficient, the mean intracluster similarity also is required.The method allows a test of whether the dendrogram could be from a cluster of smaller dimensionality due to character correlations. Good fit of the data to abnormally large or small dimensionality provides an important warning to interpretation of the dendrogram. Quantiles of test statistics were found by simulation to be well-approximated by logistic functions. The Lilliefors test is recommended for general use; if a conservative test is required, the two-tailed Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is most suitable. The method is suitable for use with a hand calculator, and a computer program for it is available from the author.  相似文献   

Field spectroradiometer and simulated multispectral bands for discriminating invasive species from morphologically similar cohabitant plants     

Solomon G. Tesfamichael  Solomon W. Newete  Elhadi Adam  Bambo Dubula 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2018,55(3):417-436

One of the challenges in fighting plant invasions is the inefficiency of identifying their distribution using field inventory techniques. Remote sensing has the potential to alleviate this problem effectively using spectral profiling for species discrimination. However, little is known about the capability of remote sensing in discriminating between shrubby invasive plants with narrow leaf structures and other cohabitants with similar ecological niche. The aims of this study were therefore to (1) assess the classification performance of field spectroradiometer data among three bushy and shruby plants (Artemesia afra, Asparagus laricinus, and Seriphium plumosum) from the coexistent plant species largely dominated by acacia and grass species, and (2) explore the performance of simulated spectral bands of five space-borne images (Landsat 8, Sentinel 2A, SPOT 6, Pleiades 1B, and WorldView-3). Two machine-learning classifiers (boosted trees classification and support vector machines) were used to classify raw hyperspectral (n = 688) and simulated multispectral wavelengths. Relatively high classification accuracies were obtained for the invasive species using the original hyperspectral bands for both classifiers (overall accuracy, OA = 83–97%). The simulated data resulted in higher accuracies for Landsat 8, Sentinel 2A, and WorldView-3 compared to those computed for bands simulated to SPOT 6 and Pleiades 1B data. These findings suggest the potential of remote-sensing techniques in the discrimination of different plant species with similar morphological characteristics occupying the same niche.  相似文献   

随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶对南京夏季降温效应的模拟分析     

王豫  王咏薇  赵小艳  郭良辰  张艳晴 《气象》2019,45(8):1149-1157

为缓解南京夏季城市热环境危机,利用天气研究和预报模式(WRF),模拟了3类屋顶(普通屋顶、高反照率屋顶、随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶)对南京夏季高温天气的影响。结果表明:(1)冷却屋顶(高反照率屋顶和随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶)均可通过削弱到达城市表面的太阳辐射而使城市降温,随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶白天平均降温为0.8～1.2℃,夜间平均降温为0.2～0.4℃,高反照率屋顶白天平均降温为0.6～0.8℃,夜间平均降温为0.2℃;(2)表面温度指数可表征冷却屋顶的热力性能,随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶的表面温度指数为0.16～0.43,高反照率屋顶的表面温度指数为0.05～0.26,表明随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶的冷却效果强于高反照率屋顶;(3)高反照率屋顶和随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶分别能将36.7%和47.1%的太阳短波辐射返回到大气层,分别比普通屋顶少吸收19.6%和34.8%的热量。  相似文献   

山东半岛南部海岸一次局地极端降雨过程分析     

庞华基  李鹏远  傅刚 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2014,44(9):1-13

2012年9月21日山东半岛南部海岸发生了一次局地性的极端暴雨过程,在约13h内降雨量达到394.1mm。该降雨过程不属于常规的暴雨天气形势,在高低空均没有典型的天气系统。本文利用自动气象站观测资料、雷达探测资料和0.25(°)×0.25(°)的ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)再分析资料,对引发这次暴雨过程的多个影响因素进行了分析。结果显示:该天气系统并不深厚,但低空水汽辐合显著。自高层到低层大气层结呈现稳定-不稳定-稳定-不稳定的态势,利用位涡来表征的动力对流层顶出现明显的折叠现象,中高层干冷空气下滑与低层暖湿气流混合产生凝结可能是产生此次强降水的主要原因。湿位涡(MPV)的2个分量MPV1和MPV2的变化均发生在降雨前,MPV2在低层对降雨落区具有较好的示踪效果。中低层的等位温面上具有较强的向东位涡平流,风向与等位涡线几乎垂直,说明本次过程移动较快。  相似文献   

桉树人工林引种的生态环境效应研究进展     

杜虹蓉  易琦  赵筱青 《云南地理环境研究》2014,(1):30-39

桉树人工林引种带来的生态环境问题是生态环境效应的研究热点,认识桉树对生态环境的作用机制,为桉树人工林的科学种植提供理论依据,有助于维护生态系统健康稳定,实现资源与经济的协调发展.从单因子生态环境效应（包括生物多样性、土壤侵蚀、土壤质量、植被指数、净初级生产力）和多因子生态环境综合效应（生态系统服务价值、生态环境综合效应）两方面总结桉树人工林引种的生态环境效应研究现状.最后提出今后应注重桉树人工林土壤质量综合评价、生态环境综合效应、植被指数（Vegetation index,Ⅵ）以及植被净初级生产力（Net primary productivity,NPP）的研究;结合多学科理论,充分发挥地理信息系统（Geographic Information System,GIS）、遥感（Remote Sensing,RS）的优势,客观地对桉树人工林的生态环境效应进行研究.  相似文献