The obligation to heal when the market hurts - national regulation of the electricity sector and local industrial impacts     

《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(1):12-21

The article offers an institutional-comparative approach to a discussion about national regulation and its local consequences. The industrial regulations formulated after Norwegian independence in 1905 allowed public control of transactions concerning rights to Norwegian waterfalls. Efforts to restructure energy-intensive industry have often encountered local demands for the maintenance of local production. Due to the regulations, companies were forced to negotiate with the state and later also with local authorities. Deregulation of the electricity sector in the early 1990s facilitated a radical restructuring as companies stopped using electricity in local production and instead exported it from the region where it was generated. However, companies are still obliged to make different kinds of compensation to the host locality. The article presents cases of single company towns in Telemark and Nordland counties in Norway.  相似文献   

Finnland     

《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(4):251-270

The forest limits of south-east Norway have expanded to higher altitudes. Two main processes are believed to cause these changes: regrowth after abandonment of human utilisation and recent climate changes. The article aims at separating the effects of these two processes on the upper forest limits and recent forest expansion. Four datasets representing 161.5 km² have been used: climate data, downscaled climate change scenario data, forest height growth, and four vegetation maps. The maps represent the years 1959 and 2001, potential natural vegetation (PNV), and a climate change scenario (CCS). The recent upper potential climatic and edaphic forest limit (UPCEFL) was used to define the potential for forest regrowth after the abandonment of human utilisation. Forest height growth and climate data were then used to analyse any supplementary effect of recent climate change. The projected future forest limits were based on the IPCC IS92a scenario for 2020–2049. The results show that raised forest limits and forest range expansion often attributed to recent climate change is rather the product of regrowth, a process that was climatically retarded from 1959 to 1995. For the period 1995–2006, the data indicate a preliminary effect of climate change escalating the regrowth and probably pushing the future forest limits to higher altitudes.  相似文献   

庐山森林景观美学质量与景观格局指数的关系   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

周年兴  黄震方  蒋铭萍  梁艳艳 《地理研究》2012,31(7):1224-1232

森林景观美学价值和生态可持续价值是森林景观系统中两种主要的价值。采集一系列典型森林景观照片,将这些景观照片对公众进行审美评价,并判别他们的景观生态特征,最后进行景观美学质量与景观格局指数之间相互关系的研究。本文得出了以下主要结论:(1)美景度值(SBE值)与景观组分指数中的水域所占面积比存在很强的正相关(r=0.472,P<0.01),与自然性指数也有较强的正相关(r=0.368,P<0.05);而与建筑所占面积比存在很强的负相关(r=-0.422,P<0.01)。(2)SBE值与景观格局指数中的斑块密度(r=-0.489,P<0.01)存在显著的负相关,而与边界密度(r=0.481,P<0.01)、多样性指数(r=0.602,P<0.01)存在显著的正相关。(3)SBE值与开放性指数、最大斑块面积比和形状指数之间并没有显著的相关性。  相似文献   

Responses of Grassland and Forest to Temperature and Precipitation Changes in Northeast China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

PENG Jing  DONG Wenjie  YUAN Wenping  ZHANG Yong 《大气科学进展》2012,29(5):1063-1077

Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as an indicator of vegetation growth, we explored the characteristics and differences in the response to drought of five vegetation biomes in Northeast China, including typical steppe, desert steppe, meadow steppe, deciduous coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest during the period 1982-2009. The results indicate that growing season precipitation may be the primary vegetation growth-limiting factor in grasslands. More than 70% of the temporal variations in NDVI can be explained by the amount of precipitation during the growing season in typical and desert steppes. During the same period, the mean temperature in the growing season could explain nearly 43% of the variations in the mean growing season NDVI and is therefore a dominant growth-limiting factor for forest ecosystems. Therefore, the NDVI trends differ largely due to differences in the vegetation growth-limiting factors of the different vegetation biomes. The NDVI responses to droughts vary in magnitude and direction and depend on the drought-affected areas of the five vegetation types. Specifically, the changes in NDVI are consistent with the variations in precipitation for grassland ecosystems. A lack of precipitation resulted in decreases in NDVI, thereby reducing vegetation growth in these regions. Conversely, increasing precipitation decreased the NDVI of forest ecosystems. The results also suggest that grasslands under arid and semi-arid environments may be more sensitive to drought than forests under humid environments. Among grassland ecosystems, desert steppe was most sensitive to drought, followed by typical steppe; meadow steppe was the least sensitive.  相似文献   

陕西省林果业农用天气预报业务系统研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

屈振江  刘新生  王景红  刘璐  梁轶 《气象》2012,38(10):1301-1306

利用模糊综合评判方法和专家打分法建立了套袋指数等5种农事活动和苹果等陕西10种主栽林果分生育期生长气象适宜度预报模型。在此基础上开发了基于g／s的陕西省林果业农用天气预报业务系统,实现了3d时效24h间隔的农事活动和林果生长气象适宜度预报自动计算与输出。  相似文献   

基于MODIS EVI时序数据的云南高原山地森林物候特征识别     

樊辉  何大明 《山地学报》2012,(1):16-23

基于2000—2011年MOD13Q1产品的EVI时序,借助QA-SDS数据集消除云、阴影和冰雪等的影响后,采用非对称高斯函数拟合法进行时序重构,并运用动态阈值法提取云南高原山地典型森林植被的物候特征参数(即生长期开始时间、峰值时间、结束时间和生长期长度),进而分析了不同植被类型物候期规律及其主要控制因素。结果表明:1.从寒温性森林植被到热性森林植被的EVI值呈递增趋势;2.森林植被生长期开始时间、峰值时间和结束时间分别大致发生在3月中旬至4月中下旬、6月中旬至下旬和8月中旬至10月初,生长期长度为135～195 d;3.由寒温性植被向热性植被的生长期高峰时间和生长期结束时间总体呈延迟趋势,且生长期延长,生长期开始时间则由暖性植被向寒温性植被、暖性植被向热性植被双向提前;4.高原山地热量梯度决定了森林植被物候的空间格局,水分条件则主要控制着EVI和物候期的年际波动。  相似文献   

长江中下游杨树抑螺防病林昆虫多样性的初步研究     

何小定  杨春材  刘桂华 《湿地科学与管理》2012,(4):4-7

对安庆市南埂林场长江沿岸杨树抑螺防病林3年生、8年生和20年生林地上空间昆虫群落的种群组成和多样性进行了调查。结果表明,在3种不同林龄林分之间,地上空间昆虫种群组成的差异表现为,在目一级分类单元组成上,3种不同林龄林分具有很高的共性,在科和种的单元上,不同林龄林分之间的差异大小依次为:3年生与20年生林分之间>3年生与8年生林分之间>8年生与20年生林分之间。随着林分林龄的增加,林内地上空间昆虫丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数明显降低。不同林龄林分地上空间昆虫种群的均匀度指数与林分林龄无明显的相关性,其中20年生林分昆虫种群的均匀度指数显著低于8年生和3年生的林分,而8年生和3年生林分之间没有显著差异。  相似文献   

贵州喀斯特石林景观评价及开发利用建议     

李兴中  王立亭  陈跃康 《贵州地质》2009,26(3):224-227,237

根据喀斯特石林的高度、形态、层次、结构及其石林景观周围环境、植被状况,人类活动影响等八项评价因子对省内的主要石林景区进行了定量评价和排序。针对贵州喀斯特石林特点及现有的实际情况,对省内喀斯特石林旅游资源的开发利用提出四点建议：（1）充分发掘和展示石林景区的科学和文化内涵;（2）打造石林景观与自然风光相结合的旅游精品;（3）充分发挥石林景观与人文景观的互补优势;（4）建立石林表生金矿矿山公园。  相似文献   

The dynamic response of forest vegetation to hydrothermal conditions in the Funiu Mountains of western Henan Province     

Wenbo Zhu  Shuangcheng Li 《地理学报(英文版)》2017,27(5):565-578

This paper uses HJ-1 satellite multi-spectral and multi-temporal data to extract forest vegetation information in the Funiu Mountain region. The S-G filtering algorithm was employed to reconstruct the MODIS EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) time-series data for the period of 2000–2013, and these data were correlated with air temperature and precipitation data to explore the responses of forest vegetation to hydrothermal conditions. The results showed that: (1) the Funiu Mountain region has relatively high and increasing forest coverage with an average EVI of 0.48 over the study period, and the EVI first shows a decreasing trend with increased elevation below 200 m, then an increasing trend from 200–1700 m, and finally a decreasing trend above 1700 m. However, obvious differences could be identified in the responses of different forest vegetation types to climate change. Broad-leaf deciduous forest, being the dominant forest type in the region, had the most significant EVI increase. (2) Temperature in the region showed an increasing trend over the 14 years of the study with an anomaly increasing rate of 0.27°C/10a; a fluctuating yet increasing trend could be identified for the precipitation anomaly percentage. (3) Among all vegetation types, the evergreen broad-leaf forest has the closest EVI-temperature correlation, whereas the mixed evergreen and deciduous forest has the weakest. Almost all forest types showed a weak negative EVI-precipitation correlation, except the mixed evergreen and deciduous forest with a weak positive correlation. (4) There is a slight delay in forest vegetation responses to air temperature and precipitation, with half a month only for limited areas of the mixed evergreen and deciduous forest.  相似文献   

无人机航测技术在森林蓄积量估测中的应用   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

李亚东  冯仲科  明海军  李长青  曹明兰 《测绘通报》2017,(4):63-66

无人机（UAV）航测技术是近年来发展起来的快速获取高分辨率影像的测绘新技术。森林蓄积量估算需要快速高效地获取森林遥感影像。虽然利用卫星和机载雷达同样可获取高分辨率遥感影像,但无人机航测技术与其相比具有飞行成本低、外业周期短、机动灵活等优点。本文利用无人机航测系统获取了案例地区DSM和DEM,采用最大邻域法提取了树高,采用分水岭算法分割了树冠信息,并以树高和冠幅作为解释变量的立木材积二元模型估算了森林蓄积量。结果表明,树高提取精度为83.73%,冠幅提取精度为86.98%,林分蓄积量估算精度为81.80%。  相似文献