Multi-scale integrated assessment of urban energy use and CO2 emissions     

Lijun Zhang  Gangjun Liu  Yaochen Qin 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(4):651-668

Accurate and detailed accounting of energy-induced carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions is crucial to the evaluation of pressures on natural resources and the environment, as well as to the assignment of responsibility for emission reductions. However, previous emission inventories were usually production- or consumption-based accounting, and few studies have comprehensively documented the linkages among socio-economic activities and external transaction in urban areas. Therefore, we address this gap in proposing an analytical framework and accounting system with three dimensions of boundaries to comprehensively assess urban energy use and related CO₂ emissions. The analytical framework depicted the input, transformation, transfer and discharge process of the carbon-based (fossil) energy flows through the complex urban ecosystems, and defined the accounting scopes and boundaries on the strength of ‘carbon footprint’ and ‘urban metabolism’. The accounting system highlighted the assessment for the transfer and discharge of socio-economic subsystems with different spatial boundaries. Three kinds methods applied to Beijing City explicitly exhibited the accounting characteristics. Our research firstly suggests that urban carbon-based energy metabolism can be used to analyze the process and structure of urban energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. Secondly, three kinds of accounting methods use different benchmarks to estimate urban energy use and CO₂ emissions with their distinct strength and weakness. Thirdly, the empirical analysis in Beijing City demonstrate that the three kinds of methods are complementary and give different insights to discuss urban energy-induced CO₂ emissions reduction. We deduce a conclusion that carbon reductions responsibility can be assigned in the light of production, consumption and shared responsibility based principles. Overall, from perspective of the industrial and energy restructuring and the residential lifestyle changes, our results shed new light on the analysis on the evolutionary mechanism and pattern of urban energy-induced CO₂ emissions with the combination of three kinds of methods. And the spatial structure adjustment and technical progress provides further elements for consideration about the scenarios of change in urban energy use and CO₂ emissions.  相似文献   

Experimental Investigation and Kinetic Modeling of p‐Nitrophenol and Phenol by Kissiris‐Immobilized Ralstonia eutropha in a Batch Reactor          下载免费PDF全文

Mahdi Motamedi  Alireza Habibi  Mohammad Maleki  Farzaneh Vahabzadeh 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(2):237-243

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Immune-relevant and new xenobiotic molecular biomarkers to assess anthropogenic stress in seals     

《Marine environmental research》2013

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宁波沿海陆源排污口细菌结构多样性和铁代谢相关的毒力基因的研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张迪骏  李春丽  周君  张春丹  王中华  苏秀榕 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(6):1628-1635

应用多重PCR技术对肠杆菌铁代谢相关毒力基因fhuA、irp2、sltA和sodB进行同步检测, 研究宁波沿海陆源排污口人畜共患致病菌群落结构在人类活动影响下的分布差异及对环境因子变化的响应趋势。通过16S rRNA 基因的PCR扩增和限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)分析技术, 研究了东海重要陆源排污口的细菌群落多样性; 建立肠杆菌铁载体外膜受体蛋白fhuA、铁调节蛋白irp2、类志贺样毒素sltA、含铁超氧物歧化酶sodB基因多重PCR体系, 并用该体系检测铁代谢相关毒力基因在陆源排污口的分布情况。2011年3、5、8、10月份, 在宁波沿海陆源排污口中共分离纯化1000余株、98种细菌, 16S rRNA 基因序列分析表明, 它们分属于4个门5个纲13个科21个属, 其中?-变形杆菌纲(67株, 68.4%)和芽孢杆菌纲(16株, 16.3%)分别为变形菌门、厚壁菌门中主要纲。98株细菌中, fhuA+irp2+sodB+基因型检出率为35.71%; fhuA+irp2+ sltA+的基因型检出率为25.27%; irp2的基因型检出率为13.19%; fhuA基因型检出率为12.09%; fhuA+ irp2+ 基因型检出率为9.89%; sltA+sodB+基因型检出率为8.79%; fhuA+irp2+sodB+sltA+基因型检出率为8.79%。  相似文献   

Microbial Diversity in Hydrothermal Systems and Their Influence on Geological Environments     

Kousuke ISHII  Katsumi MARUMO 《Resource Geology》2002,52(2):135-146

Abstract: Microorganisms found at terrestrial and seafloor hydrothermal systems are classified based on their optimum growth temperatures. Prokaryotes exhibiting optimum growth temperatures above 45C are defined as thermophiles, while those with optimum growth temperatures above 80C are called hyperthermophiles. Hyperthermophiles have chemically and thermodynamically stable cytoplasmic‐membrane consisting of ether–lipids. Hyperthermophiles observed at temperature up to 113C in seafloor hydrothermal areas should have thermostable proteins. Presumably, the thermostable proteins are replacing certain amino acid residue by proline instead of alanine in order to increase hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. Microorganisms inhabiting terrestrial and seafloor hydrothermal areas obtain energy mainly by use of chemical disequilibrium, so that their habitat may be restricted to the redox boundary between ambient water and reduced hydrothermal fluids. Among more than 200 species of cultivable thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, hyperthermophiles mainly obtain energy by sulfur reduction, because this reaction can produce energy efficiently at > 80C. Some hyperthermophilic sulfur reducers can reduce Cr(VI), Mn(IV), Fe(III), Co(III), As(V), Se(VI), Tc(VII), Au(III) and U(VI) through hydrogen or organic compounds that act as reducing agents for yielding energy. Some hyperther‐mophiles use W instead of Mo for activating their enzymes. Bacteria can pump out toxic metal ions from their cells, however toxic metal resistance systems of archaea, including hyperthermophiles, have not yet been studied. Methane producing hyperthermophiles can yield energy by the autotrophic reaction, when sufficient carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen can be supplied and methane can be removed from hydrothermal systems. If nitrogen can be supplied into a hydrothermal system, hydrogen oxidization by nitrogen species (e.g. NO₃^‐, NO₂^‐, NO and N₂O) may be expected through the metabolism of some hyperthermophiles.  相似文献   

鲈鱼新陈代谢过程中的碳氮稳定同位素分馏作用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

蔡德陵  张淑芳  唐启升  孙耀 《海洋科学进展》2003,21(3):308-317

利用天然存在的碳氮稳定同位素作为示踪剂，研究了在受控条件下驯养的鲈鱼的新陈代谢过程中不同生态因子(水温、摄食水平、体重等)对鲈鱼体内不同组织的碳氮稳定同位素组成的影响。通过鲈鱼新陈代谢过程中的稳定同位素分馏作用，研究了在生态系统食物网中的物质与能量转换规律。  相似文献   

大弹涂鱼（Boleophthalmus pectinirostris）窒息点及昼夜代谢规律     

曹伏君  郭良珍 《海洋与湖沼》2011,42(6):759-763

在水温25℃时,采用封闭静水式和封闭流水式装置测定了大弹涂鱼的窒息点及其昼夜代谢规律。结果表明,大弹涂鱼的窒息点为0.71mg/L;其标准代谢（SM）和常规代谢（RM）随体质量的增加而降低,不同规格处理组昼夜变化规律相同,即夜间代谢强于白天,但不同处理组SM（F=35.247,P〈0.01）和RM（F=4.679,P〈...  相似文献   

低氧、高铵和低光对沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长与C-N代谢生理指标的影响特征     

卢姣姣  张萌  全水清  刘足根  陈宏文  殷旗  欧阳超逸 《湖泊科学》2018,30(4):1064-1074

湖泊富营养化导致沉水植被大面积衰退和群落逆向演替,诱发一系列次生环境问题,并严重影响到水域生态环境质量.为了从对植物表型生长与C-N代谢生理指标影响的角度深度揭示富营养化水体中沉水植被的致衰退机制,本文以我国长江中下游淡水湖泊常见沉水植物优势种群——苦草(Vallisneria natans)为研究对象,利用L_(16)(4~5)正交试验设计方法,实验模拟研究富营养化水体中低氧、高铵和低光3种重要因素对苦草生长与C-N代谢生理指标的胁迫影响特征.本试验设置了3因素4水平,分别为4个低光照强度(50%、40%、30%和20%自然光照)和4个高铵浓度水平(0.5、1、2和4 mg/L)以及4个低氧处理浓度(7.5、6.5、5.5和4 mg/L).结果显示:光照强度低于30%、溶解氧浓度低于5.5 mg/L时,植株生长与C代谢受阻严重,碳水化合物储存量降低;铵态氮1.0 mg/L时,苦草N代谢活跃,游离氨基酸(FAA)含量明显升高,可溶性糖(SC)/FAA比降低,淀粉呈降低趋势.研究表明富营养湖泊中苦草的衰退是多种因素综合作用的结果,低氧、高铵与低光均会对苦草的生长与C-N代谢产生不利影响;受损沉水植被在藻-草稳态转换的富营养化湖泊中应通过控制水体高铵浓度,严控低氧出现,及时提高水下照度或透明度(如控磷)来予以保护和科学管理;而在次生裸地且藻类占优势的富营养化水体中沉水植被的恢复与重建过程不仅要降低水体营养盐水平尤其是氨氮的水平,还应着重考虑如何有效提高水下光强与溶解氧浓度,并将如上环境因子控制在一定变幅范围内,且控制条件应原则上严于保护受损沉水植被所需的条件.  相似文献   

北京城市代谢预测研究——基于长短期记忆神经网络模型     

刘炳春  齐鑫  王庆山 《地理科学进展》2019,38(6):851-860

城市化进程提升促使城市环境污染加剧、能源消耗激增、人口密度过大等问题的深层次原因在于城市代谢失调。为精准预测北京市城市代谢变化趋势,论文通过能源消费量及人类活动时间指标测算了1980—2016年北京市体外能代谢率,表征城市代谢程度。据此运用长短期记忆神经网络模型(LSTM)预测了2017—2022年北京各部门体外能代谢率。结果表明：① 基于长短期记忆神经网络的城市代谢预测模型精度较高,能够对北京各部门体外能代谢率进行更为精准的预测;② 2017—2022年间,北京第一产业和总体外能代谢率呈下降趋势,其中第一产业在2017年达到峰值,第二、第三产业及生活部门体外能代谢率将呈现增长趋势。③ 除第一、第三产业和总体外能代谢率外,历史变化的时间扰动幅度先小后大。④ 对各部门体外能代谢率EMR_T的影响贡献度最大的因子为第二产业体外能代谢率EMR₂,最小的为第一产业体外能代谢率EMR₁。论文研究结果可为政策制定者优化城市管理方案、提升城市综合实力提供理论依据和决策支持。  相似文献   

海水酸化和热应激对日本鼓虾氧化应激和能量代谢的影响     

李笑  曲艺  张倩倩  张天宇  曹瑞文  赵建民 《海洋与湖沼》2020,51(6):1412-1421

伴随着全球气候变化的日益加剧,过量CO₂排放所导致的海洋酸化和暖化现象已引起广泛关注。本研究设置了两个pH水平（pH 8.1和pH 7.6）和两个温度梯度（20.0和23.0℃）,以探讨海水酸化和温度升高对日本鼓虾（Alpheus japonicus Miers）氧化应激和能量代谢过程的影响。结果发现,海水酸化、热应激以及海水酸化和热应激复合胁迫能够诱导日本鼓虾产生不同程度的氧化应激现象,且海水酸化和热应激对过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）活性、还原型谷胱甘肽（Glutathione,GSH）含量和还原型谷胱甘肽与氧化型谷胱甘肽比值（Glutathione/Oxidized Glutathione,GSH/GSSG）有交互作用;其中,海水酸化和热应激复合暴露导致鼓虾GSH含量较对照组水平降低了66.0%,GSH/GSSG比值降低为对照组水平的20.8%,而脂质过氧化水平则较对照组显著增加了51.4%。此外,海水酸化和热应激复合暴露能够导致日本鼓虾己糖激酶（Hexokinase,HK）活性的显著增强和蛋白质含量的显著降低,提示鼓虾通过调节糖酵解过程和能量储备来满足机体的能量代谢需求。上述结果表明,短期海水酸化和热应激暴露能够影响日本鼓虾的抗氧化防御体系、能量代谢过程以及能量储备能力,长期持续暴露可能会对其种群维持构成潜在威胁。  相似文献