A methodology for regionalizing 3‐D effective porosity at watershed scale in crystalline aquifers          下载免费PDF全文

Benoît Dewandel  Yvan Caballero  Jérôme Perrin  Alexandre Boisson  Fabrice Dazin  Sylvain Ferrant  Subash Chandra  Jean‐Christophe Maréchal 《水文研究》2017,31(12):2277-2295

An innovative approach for regionalizing the 3‐D effective porosity field is presented and applied to two large, overexploited, and deeply weathered crystalline aquifers located in southern India. The method derives from earlier work on regionalizing a 2‐D effective porosity field in that part of an aquifer where the water table fluctuates, which is now extended over the entire aquifer using a 3‐D approach. A method based on geological and geophysical surveys has also been developed for mapping the weathering profile layers (saprolite and fractured layers). The method for regionalizing 3‐D effective porosity combines water table fluctuation and groundwater budget techniques at various cell sizes with the use of satellite‐based data (for groundwater abstraction), the structure of the weathering profile, and geostatistical techniques. The approach is presented in detail for the Kudaliar watershed (983 km²) and tested on the 730 km² Anantapur watershed. At watershed scale, the effective porosity of the aquifer ranges from 0.5% to 2% in Kudaliar and between 0.3% and 1% in Anantapur, which agrees with earlier works. Results show that (a) depending on the geology and on the structure of the weathering profile, the vertical distribution of effective porosity can be very different and that the fractured layers in crystalline aquifers are not necessarily characterized by a rapid decrease in effective porosity and (b) that the lateral variations in effective porosity can be larger than the vertical ones. These variations suggest that within a same weathering profile, the density of open fractures and/or degree of weathering in the fractured zone may significantly vary from a place to another. The proposed method provides information on the spatial distribution of effective porosity that is of prime interest in terms of flux and contaminant transport in crystalline aquifers. Implications for mapping groundwater storage and scarcity are also discussed, which should help in improving groundwater resource management strategies.  相似文献   

Metals discharged during different flow conditions from a mixed agricultural‐forest catchment (NW Spain)          下载免费PDF全文

F. Soto‐Varela  M. L. Rodríguez‐Blanco  M. M. Taboada‐Castro  M. T. Taboada‐Castro 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1644-1655

Metal loads were determined from water samples collected under different streamflow conditions (baseflow and storm events) in a rural catchment (NW Spain) during 4 years. A study at annual, seasonal and storm‐event scales was carried out. In all analysed scales, the export order was Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Cu. A high inter‐annual, seasonal and storm‐event scale variability of metal load was observed. The total metal loads in stream were higher during baseflow conditions than during storm events, which only represented 4% of the duration of the study period and 25% of streamflow. During storm events, both Al and Fe loads accounted 45% of the total load of the study period, whereas Mn, Cu and Zn loads represented 42%, 33% and 24%, respectively. This highlights the role of high flows on metal export. Only four big events exported around 30% of load of each metal transported in events. At all time scales, a prevalence of export of particulate metals over dissolved metals was observed, more pronounced for Al, Fe and Mn than for Cu and Zn. The export of metals in the Corbeira catchment is influenced by runoff and, to a lesser extent, by the rainfall amount. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sensitivity of soil parameters in unsaturated zone modelling and the relation between effective,laboratory and in situ estimates     

J. Mertens  H. Madsen  M. Kristensen  D. Jacques  J. Feyen 《水文研究》2005,19(8):1611-1633

Simulation of soil moisture content requires effective soil hydraulic parameters that are valid at the modelling scale. This study investigates how these parameters can be estimated by inverse modelling using soil moisture measurements at 25 locations at three different depths (at the surface, at 30 and 60 cm depth) on an 80 by 20 m hillslope. The study presents two global sensitivity analyses to investigate the sensitivity in simulated soil moisture content of the different hydraulic parameters used in a one‐dimensional unsaturated zone model based on Richards' equation. For estimation of the effective parameters the shuffled complex evolution algorithm is applied. These estimated parameters are compared to their measured laboratory and in situ equivalents. Soil hydraulic functions were estimated in the laboratory on 100 cm³ undisturbed soil cores collected at 115 locations situated in two horizons in three profile pits along the hillslope. Furthermore, in situ field saturated hydraulic conductivity was estimated at 120 locations using single‐ring pressure infiltrometer measurements. The sensitivity analysis of 13 soil physical parameters (saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s), saturated moisture content (θ_s), residual moisture content (θ_r), inverse of the air‐entry value (α), van Genuchten shape parameter (n), Averjanov shape parameter (N) for both horizons, and depth (d) from surface to B horizon) in a two‐layer single column model showed that the parameter N is the least sensitive parameter. K_s of both horizons, θ_s of the A horizon and d were found to be the most sensitive parameters. Distributions over all locations of the effective parameters and the distributions of the estimated soil physical parameters from the undisturbed soil samples and the single‐ring pressure infiltrometer estimates were found significantly different at a 5% level for all parameters except for α of the A horizon and K_s and θ_s of the B horizon. Different reasons are discussed to explain these large differences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

多角度倾斜摄影技术在自动纹理映射上的应用     

王卿 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(10):198-200

利用多角度倾斜摄影技术获取的倾斜影像成果来更新和构建城市三维实景纹理映射成为数字城市建设中的一个重要应用。本文采用基于DLG和3Dmax生成的建筑物模型,结合SWDC-5的多角度倾斜影像,通过自动选择纹理、自动编辑纹理、自动纹理映射等一系列步骤,自动生成大区域建筑物三维实景数字城市。并通过实验数据对该计算方法的可靠性进行验证,结果表明:该系统的数字化程度远远高于传统方法。  相似文献   

IEC的风机选型参数估算方法在中国的适用性研究     

黄林宏  宋丽莉  李刚  王丙兰  张永山 《气象》2016,42(12):1522-1530

国际电工委员会编制的《风力发电机组设计要求》(IEC 61400-1)推荐了针对风电机组安全等级评估的极端风速和湍流强度特征值估算方法,因其简单便捷,在风电领域被广泛采用。利用全国风能资源专业观测网的193座测风塔观测数据,对IEC推荐的极端风速计算方法与我国规范推荐的基于极值I型概率分布方法进行比较,发现两种方法计算的193座塔70 m高度层50年一遇10 min平均最大风速,仅有7座测风塔较为一致,差异在±1%;IEC推荐方法的计算结果多数偏小,其中偏小10%以上的测风塔有121座,偏小30%以上的有44座测风塔,而偏大10%以上的只有9座测风塔;IEC方法计算的极值风速大幅度偏小的测风塔主要分布在台风影响的东南沿海地区,偏差较小的测风塔主要分布在西北和华北地形平缓区域,但同时偏大10%以上的测风塔也多分布在这一地区。以目前行业领域普遍采用的以15 m·s~(-1)风速的平均湍流强度作为风电机组选型指标,与严格按照规范,以15 m·s~(-1)风速段所有样本湍流强度的90%分位数处的值作为指标进行风电机组等级确定作对比,发现193座塔中有46座塔的选型是不安全的,甚至相差两个等级。  相似文献   

辽宁地区不同降水云系雨滴谱参数及其特征量研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

房彬  郭学良  肖辉 《大气科学》2016,40(6):1154-1164

利用位于辽宁省沈阳市和辽阳市的Parsivel（Particle Size and Velocity）激光雨滴谱仪观测到的雨滴谱资料按照积雨云降水系统、积层混合云降水系统和层状云降水系统分析雨滴谱特征量和谱参数的平均特征及随时间的演变特征。结果表明:Gamma分布拟合谱参数N₀和λ按照层状云、积层混合云和积雨云的顺序减小,谱参数μ按照层状云、积层混合云和积雨云的顺序增大;直径小于1 mm的降水粒子对数浓度的贡献最大,直径大于1 mm的降水粒子对雷达反射率的贡献最大;M-P分布的谱参数N₀与雨强I具有幂函数关系,并且随着雨强I的增大而增大,谱参数λ与雨强I具有指数函数关系,随着雨强I的增大而减小。  相似文献   

盾构施工参数与沉降变形关系模型构建     

张建坤  陈昌彦  陈浩 《测绘科学》2016,41(8):156-160

针对盾构施工参数变化对施工引起的地表变形的重要影响,该文构建了盾构施工参数与地表沉降变形关系模型。以北京市某地铁盾构区间施工过程中的实测数据为基础,分析了不同盾构施工参数与地表沉降变形的关联度和相关性,得到不同参数对沉降变形贡献值的大小;之后,利用多元回归模型方法建立主要影响参数与地表变形的关系模型,并进行模型的合理性检验;最后,利用该模型得到的沉降量与实测数据进行对比分析,结果显示符合性较好。  相似文献   

Using Geomechanical Method to Predict Tectonic Fractures in Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs     

Feng Jianwei  Ren Qiqiang  Xu Ke 《地球科学进展》2016,31(9):946-967

Understanding and interpreting the timing, location, orientation, and intensity of natural fractures within a geological structure are commonly important to both exploration and production planning activities of low-porosity and low-permeability carbonate reservoirs. In this study, we explore the application of comprehensive geomechanical methods to quantitatively characterize the fracture parameters based on Strain Energy Density Theory, such as linear fracture density and volume fracture density. This study approach is based on the idea that energy generated by tectonic stress on brittle sandstone,which can be distinguished fracture surface energy, friction energy dissipation and residual strain energy and natural fractures can be interpreted or inferred from geomechanical-model-derived strains. For this analysis, we model an extension and compression compound fault block developed in a mechanically stratified sandstone and shale sequence because mechanics experimental data and drilling data exist that can be directly compared with model results.However, the results show that the approach and our study conclusion are independent of the specified structural geometry, which can correlate fracture parameters in different stages with different tectonic activities, and finally build and visualize fracture networks in sandstone. The presence or absence of filling minerals in fractures is shown to strongly control the destruction and transformation of low-permeability sandstone, and this control possesses crucial implications for interpreting fracture aperture and reservoir flow simulation.  相似文献   

层状边坡滑动边界强度参数取值方法研究     

向俊博  喻邦江  刘士伟  魏玉峰  王小群 《地质灾害与环境保护》2016,(3):75-80

滑坡滑带土强度参数取值的准确性,决定了滑坡稳定性计算的可靠程度。因此获得准确、可靠的滑动边界强度参数至关重要。然而在实际情况中,由于取样位置试样的代表性,以及试样转运过程中保存条件的限制,现场所取得的滑带土在室内试验得到的强度参数已经不能完全反映真实环境下的抗剪强度。因此考虑软弱夹层、滑带土各种物理和力学指标间存在必然联系,并表现出特定的规律性,尝试通过试验,揭示指标间的关联规律,并建立了相关性好的关系式,据此评价滑动边界的抗剪强度参数。  相似文献   

CO₂加富对塔玛亚历山大藻叶绿素荧光参数及产毒的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

徐金涛  庞敏  马新  毛雪薇  吴振兴  陈洪举  王燕  张学雷 《海洋与湖沼》2016,47(3):557-563

由大气中CO_2浓度升高引起的海洋酸化,是全球性的重大环境问题之一。本研究采用实验生态学的方法,以塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)为研究对象,分析其在CO_2加富条件下叶绿素荧光动力学参数及产毒特征的变化。调制叶绿素荧光结果显示,CO_2加富对塔玛亚历山大藻的PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、最大相对电子传递效率(r ETRmax)有显著影响(P0.05),且随着培养时间的增长Fv/Fm、r ETRmax均降低,对半饱和光强(Ik)、快速光曲线初始斜率(α)却无显著影响(P0.05)。结果说明CO_2加富能促进塔玛亚历山大藻的PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量,提高其最大光能转换效率和相对最大电子传递效率。高效液相色谱法分析结果显示,该株塔玛亚历山大藻主要产漆沟藻毒素1(GTX1)、漆沟藻毒素4(GTX4)、N-磺酰氨甲酰基毒素(C1)及N-磺酰氨甲酰基毒素(C2)四种PSTs毒素,CO_2加富不改变主要麻痹性贝毒(PSTs)的种类组成,但能显著提高氨基甲酸酯类毒素(GTX1、GTX4)产量(P0.05),而降低N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素(C1、C2)产量(P0.05),说明加富能使塔玛亚历山大藻所产毒素发生转化,进而影响藻细胞的整体毒性。  相似文献