矿物光电子能量在地球早期生命起源与进化中的作用          下载免费PDF全文

鲁安怀  李艳  黎晏彰  丁竑瑞  王长秋 《地质论评》2023,69(1):234-246

地球早期生命起源的第一步是合成简单的有机化合物,但合成有机物所需能量来源问题长期困扰着学术界。早期地球上丰富的硫化物半导体矿物可将太阳光子转化为光电子,提供持续的能量来源。也正是由于矿物光电子能量较高,在非生物途径合成小分子有机物方面具有优势。其中半导体矿物自然硫转化太阳能产生的光电子能量,是目前所发现的最高的矿物光电子能量,不仅能直接还原CO₂分子为甲酸物质,还可催化其他生命基础物质的合成。在全球陆地系统中暴露在阳光下的岩石/土壤表面普遍被一层铁锰氧化物“矿物膜”所覆盖,光照下含半导体矿物水钠锰矿的“矿物膜”产生原位、灵敏、长效的光电流,显示出优异的光电效应。生物光合作用中心Mn₄CaO₅在裂解水产氧过程中产生成分和结构类似水钠锰矿的结构中间体,地球早期“矿物膜”中水钠锰矿可能促进了锰簇Mn₄CaO₅与生物光合作用的起源与进化。早期地球半导体矿物为生命起源基本物质的合成提供直接能量来源,矿物光电子能量在地球早期生命起源与进化中起到了重要作用。  相似文献   

沙埋对科尔沁沙地两种主要作物存活的影响及其光合生理响应     

曲浩  赵哈林  石永强  高宝兰  李莹  姬明飞  乌仁高娃  李英 《中国沙漠》2017,37(4):698-704

为了解沙埋对农作物存活、产量的影响及其光合生理响应特征,在内蒙古科尔沁沙地研究了玉米（Zea mays）和绿豆（Vigna radiata）在不同沙埋深度下第5、10、15天的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率的变化,并于作物生长末期对其存活率及产量进行了测定。结果表明：（1）玉米较绿豆具有较强的耐沙埋能力,埋深等于株高时绿豆全部死亡,玉米仍有12.5%的存活率;（2）埋深超过株高的25%后,玉米和绿豆的产量均显著下降,但玉米的下降幅度明显小于绿豆;（3）随着沙埋胁迫的加剧,两种植物的净光合速率下降,表明沙埋胁迫对植物的光合作用破坏很大。但相比于绿豆,玉米对于沙埋胁迫有着更好的光合适应机理,随着胁迫的时间增加,其净光合速率有所恢复。且可以通过降低蒸腾速率和提高水分利用效率来适应沙埋胁迫。  相似文献   

沙埋干扰去除后生物土壤结皮光合生理恢复机制   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

贾荣亮  李新荣  谭会娟  贺郝钰  苏洁琼  刘扬 《中国沙漠》2010,30(6):1299-1304

通过对沙埋干扰解除后腾格里沙漠人工植被区4种典型生物土壤结皮光合作用、暗呼吸作用与叶绿素荧光参数的跟踪测定,研究了沙埋干扰解除后生物土壤结皮光合生理恢复机制。结果表明,沙埋干扰解除后4种生物土壤结皮净光合速率增加,暗呼吸速率先降低后增加。沙埋干扰去除后净光合速率、暗呼吸速率受沙埋深度和沙埋时施水量的影响,分别与沙埋深度和施水量呈反比和正比关系。沙埋干扰解除后4种生物土壤结皮PSⅡ光化学效率随时间逐渐增加,证实了生物土壤结皮沙埋干扰解除后积极自行修复的内在生理机制。  相似文献   

昆仑山北坡驼绒藜叶片功能性状及其海拔差异性   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

朱军涛  李向义  张希明  曾凡江  杨尚功 《中国沙漠》2010,30(6):1325-1330

以昆仑山北坡前山带驼绒藜为试验材料,测定其光合、叶片氮、磷含量及比叶面积,并检验其相关关系。研究结果表明:①光合有效辐射和土壤含水量随海拔升高而增大,温度随海拔升高而降低;②驼绒藜的光合日进程曲线为“单峰型”,且没有出现明显的“午休”现象,到上午10:00左右达到最大值,而后逐渐下降;其最大净光合速率随海拔升高而增大;③随着海拔上升,叶片氮、磷含量及比叶面积均呈升高趋势;④单位面积最大光合速率（Aarea）与叶片氮（Nmass）、磷（Pmass）含量及比叶面积（SLA）的相关性均达到极显著水平,且呈高度正相关。逐步回归分析发现对Aarea贡献大小顺序为Nmass>SLA>Pmass。  相似文献   

Comparison of anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics between the two photosynthetic organs of the desert plant Hedysarum scoparium     

QiaoDi Yan  PeiXi Su  Song Gao 《寒旱区科学》2010,2(3):0241-0249

The desert plant Hedysarum scoparium uses leaflets and rachises as its photosynthetic organs. The abundance of leaflets was lower under unfavorable environmental conditions and higher with improved water conditions. To examine the characteristics associated with the adaptation of H. scoparium to its environment, we selected plants with both compound leaves and rachis without leaflets to study the anatomical structures and gas exchange characteristics of the two organs. The results show that the water storage tissues in rachises were more developed compared with the leaflets. The diurnal courses of the net photosynthetic rate for the rachis and the leaflet were both in a bimodal pattern. Meanwhile, both two peak values of the rachis were significantly higher than those of the leaflet. The daily average transpiration rate was significantly higher in the rachis than in the leaflet in order to lower the temperature of the rachises. It was concluded that under desert drought conditions, the leaflets of H. scoparium were partially or completely degraded to reduce the transpiration area as an adaptive response to water deficit, and only the rachises were retained as photosynthetic organ. The rachises were found to be better suited to a desert habitat than the leaflets.  相似文献   

不同生境梭梭对降水变化的生理响应及形态调节   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

邹婷  李彦  许皓  徐贵青 《中国沙漠》2011,31(2):428-435

以中亚荒漠关键种梭梭为研究对象,对比2006年生长季土壤水分状况和生长在沙土及黏土中梭梭对3个降水处理的生理响应与同化枝面积的累积变化,分析不同质地土壤生长的梭梭在生长季对降水变化的生理响应及其形态调节。结果表明,沙土中生长梭梭对降水响应明显,生长季同化枝水势较高,且不同降水处理下蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用效率差异显著,同化枝形态调节幅度不大。黏土不利于降水入渗,梭梭同化枝水势、蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用效率对降水变化的响应不敏感,同化枝面积和生长速率在不同降水处理间差异显著,同化枝脱落较早。生理响应与形态调节的综合研究表明,不同质地土壤生长的梭梭通过有效的同化枝形态调节保证了其在降水处理下稳定的光合碳同化作用。在全球气候变化的背景下,沙土更有利于梭梭的生长。  相似文献   

Methylhopane biomarker hydrocarbons in Hamersley Province sediments provide evidence for Neoarchean aerobiosis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jennifer L. Eigenbrode  Katherine H. Freeman  Roger E. Summons 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,273(3-4):323-331

Bacteriohopanepolyols with A-ring methyl substituents are bacterial lipid biomarkers that are presently known to originate from just a few specific taxa. When preserved in ancient rocks, the fossilized hydrocarbon skeletons of these molecules have the potential to provide biogeochemical records of those taxa and their respective physiologies. Considering both their occurrences in modern organisms, and their Proterozoic and Phanerozoic sedimentary distributions, hopanes carrying 2-methyl or 3-methyl substituents are proposed to be derived from cyanobacteria and oxygen-respiring methanotrophs, respectively. Here we report the distribution of methylhopanes in 2.72–2.56 billion-year-old, Neoarchean rocks from the Hamersley Province on the Pilbara Craton. The relative abundance of C₃₁-3β-methylhopane, but not that of C₃₁-2α-methylhopane, shows a strong correlation to the carbon isotopic composition of co-occurring kerogen (insoluble particulate organic matter). The unanticipated nature of this relationship provides evidence for a shallow-water locus of carbon cycling through aerobic oxidation of CH₄ and, coincidentally, a means to demonstrate biomarker syngenicity. 2α-Methylhopanes are most abundant in both shale and carbonate from shallow-water sediments, and a positive correlation to carbonate abundance, contrasts to variable, but generally lower, 2α-methylhopane abundances of deeper water facies. These observations are consistent with their origin from cyanobacteria which were likely the cornerstone of microbial communities in shallow-water ecosystems providing molecular oxygen, fixed carbon, and possibly fixed nitrogen.  相似文献   

调亏灌溉下番茄叶片气体交换日变化和光响应特性     

张凯  陈年来  韩国君  张正 《中国沙漠》2015,35(4):923-929

以原料番茄“里格尔87-5”为试验材料,设置正常灌水、轻度亏水和中度亏水3个水平,对水分亏缺条件下番茄果实膨大期光合作用日变化及光合速率对光强度的响应进行研究,以对原料番茄光合能力进行探讨并模拟适合亏水条件下光响应过程。结果表明:(1)轻度亏水条件下,番茄叶片气体交换特性与对照无显著差异,但中度亏水条件下净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著降低。(2)利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数函数模型和直角双曲线修正模型,对表观量子效率、最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、光饱和点、光补偿点进行模拟,4个模型对光响应曲线的拟合程度较高,但直角双曲线修正模型拟合结果与实测值最符合。(3)不同水分条件下的表观量子效率、最大净光合速率与光合速率日均值显著相关,而光合速率日均值与产量显著正相关;中度亏水造成光合速率日均值显著降低,最终影响了产量;轻度亏水下番茄能够维持正常光合作用,在不显著降低产量的同时实现节水目标。  相似文献   

Impact of soil conditions on the physiological characteristics of maize plants in an arid region,Northwest China     

LiWen Zhao  ZhiBin He  WenZhi Zhao 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(4):334-342

Overuse of irrigation water to ensure the crop yield of maize plants has caused serious water shortage problems in the middle reach of Heihe River, China. Thus, further research on the physiological characteristics, i.e., photosynthetic rate and leaf transpiration rate, are urgently needed to develop an efficient irrigation management system. In this paper, we selected two common soil textures (sandy loam, sand) and three one-time irrigation volumes (60 mm, 20 mm, 0 mm) in order to analyze the impact of soil conditions on the physiological characteristics of maize plants. Physiological and meteorological factors, soil water content and plant growing parameters were synchronously monitored on Jun. 30, Jul. 25 and Aug. 27 of 2012. The results indicate that sandy loam is better than sand for the growth of maize plants and single irrigation may provide limited influence on the physiological characteristics. Thus, increasing irrigation times and decreasing one-time volume is suggested for an efficient irrigation system.  相似文献   

基于FVCOM的太湖梅梁湾夏季水温、溶解氧模拟及其影响机制初探   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

欧阳潇然  赵巧华  魏瀛珠 《湖泊科学》2013,25(4):478-488

水体中的溶解氧是表征水生生态系统健康与否的重要参数之一.本研究基于太湖2008年8月16 20日的风速、风向、短波辐射等气象场资料以及实测的相关水质参量,利用FVCOM(即非结构化网格有限体积近海海洋模型)模式对太湖梅梁湾三维水温以及水体中溶解氧进行模拟,模拟结果与实测值基本吻合,水温的验证回归方程为y=1.02x,R²为0.690;溶解氧的R²为0.760.同时对溶解氧浓度的时空分布,梅梁湾溶解氧的"源"和"汇"及其贡献进行了分析.结果表明:太阳辐射、风速是影响水温日成层现象的重要因子;受水温和光照的影响,夏季梅梁湾的溶解氧存在垂直差异,呈现出"双峰双谷"的日变化特征;浮游植物光合作用制氧是水中溶解氧的最重要来源,水下光衰减直接控制着初级生产力的垂直分布;浮游植物呼吸及死亡是溶解氧的最大消耗者,余下依次为底泥耗氧、碳化需氧、细菌呼吸耗氧和硝化作用耗氧.  相似文献