Predicting air temperature simultaneously for multiple locations in an urban environment: A bottom up approach     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2016

Cities are characterized by high heterogeneity that results in varied microclimate effects. The current study introduces a new bottom–up approach linking the urban Canyon Air Temperature (CAT) model with spatially distributed inputs extracted from a GIS data-base and remote sensing products to predict intra-urban temperature variability simultaneously for multiple locations in an urban environment. To provide proof of concept, the model was applied for the city of Bat-Yam, Israel. Simulation shows a maximum nighttime urban heat island (UHI) intensity of 2–2.25 °C, relative to a rural reference point, during both summer and winter, with significant spatial variability related to the height-to-width ratio of urban street canyons and to the surface land cover. The CAT simulation also highlighted the important influence of the local wind regime on the development and persistence of the nocturnal UHI. We conclude that linking CAT to a GIS data-base supports simulations at the city scale that reflect the local intra-urban variability. The model can be used to investigate both macro and micro scale spatio-temporal characteristics of the UHI in various urban development scenarios, which may be applied to generate appropriate geographically-explicit mitigation and adaptation measures.  相似文献   

Assessing environmental inequalities in the city of Santiago (Chile) with a hierarchical multiscale approach     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2016

Environmental inequalities are a common characteristic of urban areas. Environmental inequality is the unequal spatial distribution of environmental risks and goods among social groups. As environmental inequalities are inherently a spatial matter the choice of scale is essential for correctly understanding inequality issues and for designing proper and effective mitigation policies. However, the potential effects of scale of analysis on inequalities results have largely been underestimated in the assessment of environmental inequalities, leading to contradictory results from different studies. In this study we assess the patterns of environmental inequalities and associated scale issues in the city of Santiago (Chile) using a hierarchical multiscale approach. Our approach focuses on the analysis of spatial relationships between three environmental (i.e., surface temperature, air pollution, vegetation cover) and two socio-demographic variables (i.e., household wealth, population density) on multiple grain sizes and extents. We used census data, remote sensing data, and air pollution monitoring stations to generate raster layers at five grain sizes and five nested extents. We tested for inequalities through Pearson correlation analysis resulting in a total of 1530 assessed relationships. Our results show that environmental inequalities are a prevalent phenomenon in the city of Santiago, but the details of these inequalities are highly scale dependent. Changing the grain size and extent of analysis do not only affect the strength of relationships between socio-demographic and environmental variables, but also the spatial distribution of environmental inequalities across the urban landscape. Therefore, due to the scale-dependence of assessment results, researchers and decision-makers should be extremely careful when interpreting their findings and translating them into policy making. If the scale dependency of environmental inequalities is not taken into account, policy interventions may be largely ineffective because the scale at which interventions are designed may not match the scale at which inequalities are generated.  相似文献   

Low-wage jobs-housing fit: identifying locations of affordable housing shortages     

Chris Benner  Alex Karner 《Urban geography》2016,37(6):883-903

Finding the right jobs-housing balance has long been an important concern for urban planners. More recently, attention has turned to jobs-housing fit – the extent to which housing price is well matched to local job quality. Prior analyses have been constrained by a lack of local data on job quality, making it difficult to identify the geography and scale of the problem. We introduce a new methodology for calculating the low-wage jobs-housing fit at both a jurisdiction and neighborhood scale that was designed in collaboration with affordable housing advocates and has been directly applied in urban planning and affordable housing policy efforts. Low-wage fit is particularly important because of ongoing difficulties with affordable housing provision and the disproportionate benefits of reducing transportation costs for low-income earners. We use the calculated metric at both a city and neighborhood scale to identify what can be learned from a low-wage jobs-housing fit metric that is not evident in traditional measures of jobs-housing balance. In contrast to jobs-housing balance, the low-wage fit analysis clearly highlights those jurisdictions and neighborhoods where there is a substantial shortage of affordable housing in relation to the number of low-wage jobs. Because of the geographic coverage of the data sources used, the results can be widely applied across the United States by affordable housing advocates, land-use planners, and policy makers.  相似文献   

公路交通可达性视角下山东省区域空间重构   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高鹏  许可双  何丹  杨犇 《世界地理研究》2016,(4):83-92

《山东半岛蓝色经济区发展规划》、《济南都市圈发展规划》、《黄河三角洲高效生态经济区发展规划》和《鲁南经济带发展规划》是涉及山东省域范围的四个重要区域规划。四个规划所覆盖的区域范围重叠现象严重,这将导致重叠区域发展方向不明,进而会影响到区域的整体发展。明确区域规划合理范围,统筹协调区域发展成为山东省区域发展亟须解决的问题之一。本文以公路交通可达性和城市综合实力为切入点,计算出了山东省17个地级市的经济腹地,并遵循一定的原则对山东省区域发展进行空间重构,提出了"两核、四区、五轴"的区域空间发展结构。  相似文献   

基于政府大数据的北京城市空间发展模式分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李苗裔  戴劭勍  王静远  沈振江 《地理信息世界》2016,(3):20-26

城市的发展都有各自的特征。这些特征通常是受城市发展过程中政府决策及规划政策的影响而形成。作为我国首都,同时也是人口最稠密的城市,北京市的城市建设用地在过去20年快速城镇化进程中持续扩张。笔者认为,北京市城市扩张期间,城市建设用地开发模式有特定的规律和空间特征。本文中,笔者采用非负矩阵分解(NMF)的方法,对北京市建设用地规划许可发放数据进行挖掘,以此识别城市空间发展模式。笔者发现这个阶段包含了两种主要发展模式,同时也结合诸多辅助信息对这两种模式进行了深入的分析和解释。本文中使用的城市空间发展模式识别方法可以推广到其他区域的城市研究中,对城市设计及政府决策工作起到较大作用。  相似文献   

Flood hazard map of La Trinidad (NW Nicaragua). Method and results     

G. Furdada  L. E. Calderón  M. A. Marqués 《Natural Hazards》2008,45(2):183-195

During the Mitch Hurricane event (October 1998), severe floods occurred in the village of La Trinidad (Departamento de Estelí, NW Nicaragua), which spreads at the margin of La Trinidad river. As a consequence, the need for hazard assessment and land use planning to reduce the effects of these natural processes arose. Nicaragua is a developing country, which means that there is a scarcity of good quality data on which to base these hazard assessments (i.e., lack of detailed topographic maps, lack of meteorological and discharge data series). Therefore, the main objective of the present work was to generate a flood hazard map of La Trinidad by means of a simple method, with a resulting map easy to understand and to use by the municipality for land use planning. There is no topographic map of the area at a more detailed scale than 1:50,000. So the main document that supports all the data and on which the final hazard map was based is the orthophotograph at 1:5,000 scale (generated from vertical aerial photographs taken in 2000). The method used was based on classical interpretation of vertical aerial photographs (pre Mitch and a post Mitch event), detailed field work, inquiries among the population and analysis of the main pattern of storms occurring in the area. All these data allowed the reconstruction of different extensions and water levels corresponding to events of different frequency and magnitude, and the qualitative association of them to three hazard levels by means of energy and frequency. The use of orthophotographs of 1:5,000 proved to be very useful both for the development of the work and for the presentation of the final map, because they are very easily understandable for people not trained in the interpretation of topographic maps.  相似文献   

煤田地质勘探工程监理工作中的要点论述          下载免费PDF全文

张远丰  魏洪章 《探矿工程》2008,35(10):73-77

煤田地质勘探工程正逐步引进监理工作制。结合锡林浩特胜利煤田东区二号露天煤矿地质勘探工程,在简要介绍监理组织机构、监理职责的基础上,重点论述了煤田地质勘探工程监理工作的要点。  相似文献   

贵州省矿产资源总体规划（第二轮）的环境影响评价   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙亚莉 《贵州地质》2008,25(3)

本文结合贵州矿业开发对环境的影响程度、地质灾害危险性大小及矿山环境治理的难易程度,划分了矿山环境影响严重区、矿山环境影响较严重区及矿山环境影响一般区;对《贵州省矿产资源总体规划》(2006-2010)进行规划合理性及协调性分析、规划实施的环境影响预测评价,提出了减缓环境影响的措施,得出《规划》是可行的结论。  相似文献   

面向航空企业信息系统建设的多源信息采集技术     

马妮  李维功  刘云利  李富荣 《测绘工程》2008,17(3):66-69

政府部门和企事业单位及信息服务企业正在建立越来越多的以空间信息为基础的专业应用信息系统。因此,数据采集的需求范围正在从以建设项目需求为主的工程测量扩大为面向行业应用的全要素专业数据采集。服务于测绘行业的企业将面临全新挑战——由传统测绘向全要素信息采集的转变。文中介绍了航空企业空间信息系统建设及其信息采集的内容需求,以及实现面向行业的、全要素的、专业空间信息采集的技术手段。  相似文献   

三维航标监测与管理系统的设计与实现     

张帆  达汉桥  胡明远  邱儒琼 《测绘信息与工程》2008,33(1):44-46

设计了三维航标监测与管理系统的整体框架和功能结构,研究了其涉及的若干关键技术,开发实现了系统功能.  相似文献