A new three-stage continuous flow CCN-counter     

Peter Otto  Hans-Walter Georgii  Heinz Bingemer   《Atmospheric Research》2002,61(4)

A three-stage vertical-flow thermal gradient vapour diffusion chamber for the fast, continuous measurement of the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at three different water vapour supersaturations was constructed. CCN are monitored by imaging cloud droplets in the chamber with a CCD-camera. The counting of droplets and the control of all instrumental parameters are computerized. The instrument was calibrated with NaCl-aerosols, and was successfully operated in the field. Data from 2 weeks of field measurements at an island in the North Sea are presented.  相似文献   

Turbulent mixing condensation nucleus counter     

Rashid Mavliev 《Atmospheric Research》2002,62(3-4)

The construction and operating principles of the Turbulent Mixing Condensation Nucleus Counter (TM CNC) are described. Estimations based on the semiempirical theory of turbulent jets and the classical theory of nucleation and growth show the possibility of detecting particles as small as 2.5 nm without the interference of homogeneous nucleation. This conclusion was confirmed experimentally during the International Workshop on Intercomparison of Condensation Nuclei and Aerosol Particle Counters (Vienna, Austria). Number concentration, measured by the Turbulent Mixing CNC and other participating instruments, is found to be essentially equal.  相似文献   

Nolan–Pollak type CN counters in the Vienna aerosol workshop     

J. L. Gras  J. Podzimek  T. C. O'Connor  K. -H. Enderle 《Atmospheric Research》2002,62(3-4)

Three “standard” Nolan–Pollak (N–P) and a modified N–P design condensation nucleus (CN) counters were included in the Vienna Workshop on Intercomparison of Condensation Nuclei and Aerosol Particle counters. These counters came from diverse backgrounds, namely programs in USA, Europe and Australia. In this work, principles of the operation and previous history of calibration of the N–P expansion counter are briefly reviewed and comparisons between the particular counters used in the workshop are presented and discussed. Counting agreement was found to be very good between the N–P counters, typically better than ±12% for a range of aerosol sizes and compositions from a minimum diameter of 4 nm. The independently calibrated GIV CNC-440 (modified N–P type counter) also agreed well with the N–P counters. The minimum size sensitivity of the N–P counter was examined showing a lower detection limit for insoluble (Ag) particles of around 2.6±0.3 nm diameter.  相似文献   

Small-particle concentration fluctuations at a coastal site     

M. Vana  S. G. Jennings  C. Kleefeld  A. Mirme  E. Tamm 《Atmospheric Research》2002,63(3-4)

Aerosol size spectra (d=10 nm–10 μm) were measured with an electrical aerosol spectrometer (EAS) at Mace Head on the west coast of Ireland. Several small aerosol particle (diameter 10–32 nm) concentration bursts were observed during the measurement period. Relationships between the events, air mass trajectories, tide height, and meteorological parameters are examined. Series of bursts were observed when a spectral transformation due to subsequent particle growth from 10 to 56–100 nm can be identified in an Eulerian experiment. Particle growth rates of between 1 and 3 nm/h were determined. These bursts appear in cold and comparatively clean arctic or polar air masses with temperature and relative humidity fluctuations, and do not correlate with low tide in some cases. These episodes, similar to those frequently found in the continental boundary layer, are thought to occur over a wide area and, for clear detection, require stable airflow for a few days. Elevated small-particle concentration events are more common during low tide or shortly after, and are typically associated with low wind speeds. Here, the increased shore exposure during low tide is thought to influence the nucleation and the subsequent growth of these aerosol particles. The occurrences of the bursts are found to depend on local wind direction. The highest d=10–32 nm particle concentrations appeared for wind sectors furthest from the tidal regions when the wind direction was 150–160°(south-easterly). Most of the events occurred during daytime when solar irradiation is most intense.  相似文献   

Chemical characterization of cloud episodes at a ridge site in Tuscan Appennines, Italy     

R. Cini  F. Prodi  G. Santachiara  F. Porc  S. Bellandi  A. M. Stortini  C. Oppo  R. Udisti  F. Pantani 《Atmospheric Research》2002,61(4):455

Cloudwater samples were collected from November 1992 to March 1995 in Vallombrosa, a mountain site of the Tuscan Apennines (central Italy). Chemical analyses show that all examined inorganic ions contributed significantly to the total ionic content (TIC). The ratio SO₄²⁻/NO₄⁻ ranged from 0.92 to 3.46 and was >1 for 86% of samples. There is a wide range in the chemical composition of the cloudwater. The total ionic content ranged from 640 to 7476 μeq l⁻¹ and pH from 3.17 to 6.22. The liquid water content (LWC) ranged from 0.06 to 0.94 g m⁻³ and electrical conductivity from 47 to 485 μΩ⁻¹. The total ionic content decreases while the liquid water content increases. Also analyzed were soluble trace metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, Mn, Cd, Al), synthetic anionic surfactants and the methanesulphonic acid. Chemical analyses evidenced in some cases a high concentration of organic matter. The meteorological analysis for a few samples of individual passages was carried out for the possibility of establishing a correspondence between meteorological events and chemical composition. The sources (marine, crustal and anthropogenic) of chemical components were deduced.  相似文献   

A two-moment parameterization of aerosol nucleation and impaction scavenging for a warm cloud microphysics: description and results from a two-dimensional simulation     

D. Caro  W. Wobrock  A. I. Flossmann  N. Chaumerliac 《Atmospheric Research》2004,70(3-4):171-208

A new two-moment warm bulk scheme has been developed including explicitly nucleation and impaction scavenging of aerosol particles as well as all other microphysical processes. The scheme is built upon a quasispectral representation of the aerosol particle, cloud droplet and raindrop distributions. It predicts mixing ratios and number concentrations for each category. Each process is treated explicitly and independently to establish an analytic expression for each contribution for the time-dependant microphysical equations. The scheme has been tested in the dynamical framework of a two-dimensional kinematic model, developed for the Hawaiian Rainband Project (HaRP, 1990). In this frame, the scheme has performed reasonably well compared to the observations as well as to other similar parameterization schemes, and to the spectral model DESCAM.Sensitivity tests demonstrate the great sensitivity of the scheme to the initial aerosol spectrum characteristics. Moreover, they have also shown its capability to calculate nucleation and impaction scavenging and to follow the taken up particle mass in the cloud and raindrop spectra until the deposition on the ground by the rain.Therefore, the parameterization offers a possibility of treating the evolution of the liquid phase of the cloud together with the aerosol particle scavenging. However, due to the severe limitations of a two-dimensional kinematic model, the scheme needs to be further validated in a three-dimensional dynamical model.  相似文献   

2003年夏季临安地区大气气溶胶离子成分的尺度分布特征   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  

颜鹏  张养梅  杨东贞  汤洁  于晓岚  程红兵  俞向明 《气象学报》2005,63(6):980-987

文中利用2003年夏季在浙江临安大气本底污染监测站观测的资料,分析了临安的气溶胶质量浓度、离子成分的尺度分布特点及主要离子间的相互关系。初步结果显示,该期间临安气溶胶主要以粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子为主,约占总质量浓度的66%,其中粒径小于0.65μm的粒子可达总质量浓度的50%,远高于其他各级尺度段上的粒子浓度。与质量浓度分布相似,可溶性无机离子成分主要集中在粒径小于2.1μm(记为PM2.1)的细粒子中,PM2.1粒子中可溶性无机离子约占所有尺度段(包括所有5级)离子质量浓度总和的88%。其中粒径小于0.65μm的亚微米粒子中的离子质量浓度是细粒子的主要部分,占所有尺度段上离子质量浓度总和的77%。SO42-,NH4+和K+是PM2.1中决定性的离子成分。相关分析和离子平衡表明,PM2.1中SO42-与NH4+和K+有很高的相关,在粒径小于0.65μm的亚微米粒子中,非海盐硫酸盐(Nss-SO42-)主要为(NH4)2SO4,由气-粒转化产生;而在粒径为0.65~2.1μm尺度段,Nss-SO42-除(NH4)2SO4外,可能还有K2SO4,Na2SO4等存在。  相似文献   

气溶胶浓度影响暖雨过程的数值模拟试验   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王春明  叶家东 《气象科学》1997,17(4):316-324

本试验利用ＲＡＭＳ非静力平均模式对１９９５年８月上旬南京地区一次雷阵雨过程进行了不同气溶胶浓度背景下的模拟。初步表明，活化云凝结核浓度增加，可以延缓暖雨过程，减少降水量约２０－３０％，同时，云更持久维持。  相似文献   

五道梁大气气溶胶的化学组成和浓度及其季节变化   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  

柳海燕  张小曳 《高原气象》1997,16(2):122-129

利用１９９３年９－１０月和１９９４年４－５月及７－８月在青藏高原五道梁采集的大气气溶胶元素浓度资料，分析了气溶胶化学组成的总体特征和浓度及其季节变化。结果表明：五道梁低层大气中气溶胶在总体上保持自然大气的组成，以地壳土壤元素为主，由人类活动造成的污染轻微，春季的气溶胶浓度约为秋季的１．７５倍，夏季可能与秋季接近，基本上反映了五道梁低层大气气溶胶浓度的季节变化特征。按元素质量深度的季节变化特征可将其  相似文献   

Lidar Measurements of Aerosols in the Tropical Atmosphere   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

P.C.S. Devar  P. Ernest Raj 《大气科学进展》1993,10(3):365-378

Measurements of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases using the Laser radar (lidar) techniques, have been in pro-gress since 1985 at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (18o32’N, 73o51’E, 559 m AMSL), India. These observations carried out during nighttime in the lower atmosphere (up to 5.5 km AGL), employing an Argon ion / Helium-Neon lidar provided information on the nature, size, concentration and other characteristics of the constituents present in the tropical atmosphere. The time-height variations in aerosol concentration and associated layer structure exhibit marked differences between the post-sunset and pre-sunrise periods besides their seasonal va-riation with maximum concentration during pre-monsoon / winter and minimum concentration during monsoon months. These observations also revealed the influence of the terrain of the experimental site and some selected me-teorological parameters on the aerosol vertical distributions. The special observations of aerosol vertical profiles ob-tained in the nighttime atmospheric boundary layer during October 1986 through September 1989 showed that the most probable occurrence of mixing depth lies between 450 and 550 m, and the multiple stably stratified aerosol lay-ers present above the mixing depth with maximum frequency of occurrence at around 750 m. This information on nighttime mixing depth / stable layer derived from lidar aerosol observations showed good agreement with the height of the ground-based shear layer / elevated layer observed by the simultaneously operated sodar at the lidar site.  相似文献