The effect of clouds on aerosol growth in the rural atmosphere   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Colin D. O'Dowd  Jason A. Lowe  Michael H. Smith 《Atmospheric Research》2000,54(4):1331

Measurements of accumulation mode aerosol in the atmospheric boundary layer under cloudy and cloud-free conditions, and in the lower free troposphere under cloud-free conditions, were conducted over the rural northwest of England. Normalised size distributions in the cloud-free boundary layer (CFBL) and the cloud-free free troposphere (CFFT) exhibited almost identical spectral similarities with both size distributions possessing a concentration peak mode-radius of ≈0.05 μm or less. By comparison, aerosol distributions observed in cloudy air exhibited a distinctive log-normal distribution with mode-radii occurring at ≈0.1 μm concomitant with a local minimum at ≈0.05 μm. The consistent and noticeable difference in spectral features observed between cloudy and cloud-free conditions suggest that a greater amount of gas-to-particle conversion occurs on cloudy days, presumably through in-cloud aqueous phase oxidation processes, leading to larger sized accumulation mode particles. Apart from the distinct difference between cloudy and cloud-free aerosol spectra on cloudy days, aerosol concentration and mass were observed to be significantly enhanced above that of the ambient background in the vicinity of clouds. Volatility analysis during one case of cloud processing indicated an increase in the relative contribution of aerosol mass volatile at temperatures characteristic of sulphuric acid, along with a smaller fraction of more volatile material (possibly nitric acid and/or organic aerosol). Growth-law analysis of possible growth mechanisms point to aqueous phase oxidation of aerosol precursors in cloud droplets as being the only feasible mechanism capable of producing the observed growth. The effect of cloud processing is to alter the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) supersaturation spectrum in a manner which increases the availability of CCN at lower cloud supersaturations.  相似文献   

相对湿度对吸收性气溶胶指数的影响     

张卓  王维和  王后茂  王咏梅 《遥感学报》2019,23(6):1177-1185

为提高风云三号气象卫星(FY-3)紫外臭氧总量探测仪(TOU)观测数据得到的吸收性气溶胶指数AAI(Absorbing Aerosol Index)或AI(Aerosol Index)的可靠性,需要了解AAI指数与相对湿度之间的内在关系。本研究利用大气辐射传输模型DAK(Doubling-Adding KNMI)分别模拟了在城市气溶胶和乡村气溶胶模式下AAI同相对湿度之间的关系,并将结果同已观测到的实际结果进行对比。结果发现,在相对湿度呈高值时AAI指数出现很大的变化,但相对湿度对两种气溶胶模型的影响具有相反的效应,分析显示当大气中含有吸收性气溶胶如含碳类气溶胶(在中国北部的污染过程中很常见)时,AAI结果对RH(Relative Humidity)有很强的依赖。在应用AAI指数产品检测污染过程中需要注意气溶胶的具体类型和相对湿度的影响,必要时在高相对湿度过程中进行数据校正或剔除。  相似文献   

Potassium alum and aluminum sulfate micro-inclusions in polar ice from Dome Fuji,East Antarctica     

《Polar Science》2014,8(1):1-9

Water-soluble trace constituents affect the physicochemical properties of polar ice. Their structural distribution provides important insights into the formation history of ice and inclusions. We report the first finding of KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O (potassium alum) and Al₂(SO₄)₃·nH₂O (aluminum sulfate) micro-inclusions in the Dome Fuji ice core, East Antartica, using a micro-Raman technique. Eutectic temperatures of these water-soluble species determined using thermal analysis were −0.4 °C for potassium alum and −8.0 °C for aluminum sulfate. Although the formation process of the aluminum-bearing sulfates remains unclear, the occurrence of these salts largely depends on ice depth.  相似文献   

重污染下我国中东部地区1960~2010年霾日数的时空变化特征   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

符传博  丹利 《气候与环境研究》2014,19(2):219-226

对1960~2010年我国中东部地区霾日数的时空变化特征的分析结果表明:1)霾日数大值区主要分布在人口众多的四川盆地、北京-天津-河北地区、长江中下游地区以及广东-广西中部。2)季节变化上,霾日数冬季较多,其中北京-天津-河北地区中部和西南部、四川盆地和东北地区东部和南部等地超过20 d,夏季最少。3)霾日数气候趋势系数在北京-天津-河北地区、长江三角洲地区和珠江三角洲地区趋势系数高达0.8。4)霾日数呈现明显的上升趋势[3.69 d(10 a)–1],其气候趋势系数为0.82,通过了99.9%的信度检验。5)我国中东部气溶胶光学厚度和对流层NO2的空间分布与年平均霾日数的分布基本一致,近51年来能源消耗量的稳定上升趋势也表明,人为因素导致的大气污染物排放量增加是引起霾天气出现频率上升的重要因素。  相似文献   

直接观测大气气溶胶成核     

尹仔锋 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(1)

大气核化是全球大气气溶胶粒子的主要来源,在气溶胶气候效应中扮演重要角色。大气核化过程的关键步骤发生在2 nm以下的尺寸范围,在如此小的范围直接对其大小隔离观察直到最近才得以进行。本文呈现了1nm流动性直径范围内的大气纳米颗粒和集群的详细观测结果,确定了三个独立的低于2nm直径的尺寸类型,建立了物理、化学、动力一致的大气成核框架,更具体地说,气溶胶通过中性的途径形成。研究结果强调了在大气气溶胶形成过程中有机化合物的重要作用,导致气溶胶增长、辐射强迫及生物排放量、云和气候之间的相关反馈。  相似文献   

济南及周边地区大气气溶胶空间分布特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

张佃国  王俊  李晓印  樊明月  陈西利  范烨 《高原气象》2011,30(5):1346-1355

利用北京人工影响天气办公室新引进的PMS粒子测量系统探测的气溶胶资料,分析了济南及周边地区的气溶胶空间分布特征,探讨了气溶胶与逆温层和大气温湿度的关系。结果表明,气溶胶粒子数浓度垂直分布存在较大的差异,逆温层的存在和相对湿度峰值对气溶胶的分布影响很大。逆温层附近和相对湿度峰值区会产生较高的气溶胶数浓度,造成气溶胶粒子的...  相似文献   

中国北方地区冬季雨雪年度变化与大气气溶胶分布特征研究     

王继志  孥多  杨元琴  王亚强 《辽宁气象》2011,(6):66-71

近年来,随着大气观测技术的快速发展,为冬季大雪年际变化研究提供了一些新的观测事实,增加了新的认识。认为大气环流对降雪的年际变化的影响只是重要方面之一。新的观测事实启示研究者,冬雪的年际变化和差异还可能与其他影响气候变化有更为复杂的因素——大气气溶胶特征有关。基于1980-2008年中国气象台站降水量资料和1980-2005年北方地区大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）资料,研究中国北方地区大范围多雨雪以及少雨雪年度变化与大气气溶胶分布特征的关系。结果表明：1980-2008年,中国北方地区典型的多雨雪年为1980、1984、1989、1993、1998、2003年和2006年;少雨雪年为1982-1983、1985-1988、1997、2001年和2005年。根据1980-2005年华北逐年冬半年雨雪总量与北方地区同期AOD相关分析,揭示中国北方地区雨雪年度变化与气溶胶光学厚度（AOD_550m）的年度变化存在正相关,相关系数达到0．001的显著性水平。同期资料AOD。。。分析表明,中国北方地区冬季多雨雪与少雨年大气气溶胶光学厚度差异显著,多雨雪年大气气溶胶光学厚度显著偏厚,中国华北北部、东北南部地区AOD正距平的平均值达到1×10。-5×10^-3,冬季北方地区少雨雪年与此差异显著,AOD为显著负距平,其平均值为-5×10^-3。  相似文献   

大气边界层高度确定及应用研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张宏昇  张小曳  李倩惠  蔡旭晖  范绍佳  宋宇  胡非  车慧正  权建农  康凌  朱彤 《气象学报》2020,78(3):522-536

大气边界层高度是表征边界层特征的重要参量,影响边界层内水热、物质、能量的垂直分布,也是数值模拟、环境评估中的重要参数。从湍流运动、热力作用、动力作用以及物质分布等多视角总结了大气边界层高度的定义及确定方法,回顾了采用直接观测手段和遥感手段确定大气边界层高度的不同方法,对比了大气边界层高度不同获取手段的优缺点,梳理了大气边界层高度参数化方案,探讨了大气边界层高度确定中存在的问题,并提出未来相关研究和应用可能突破方向。   相似文献   

The role of submicrometer aerosols and macromolecules in H₂ formation in the titan haze     

E.L.O. Bakes  S.ébastien Lebonnois  Christopher P. McKay 《Icarus》2003,161(2):468-473

Previous studies of the photochemistry of small molecules in Titan’s atmosphere found it difficult to have hydrogen atoms removed at a rate sufficient to explain the observed abundance of unsaturated hydrocarbons. One qualitative explanation of the discrepancy nominated catalytic aerosol surface chemistry as an efficient sink of hydrogen atoms, although no quantitative study of this mechanism was attempted. In this paper, we quantify how haze aerosols and macromolecules may efficiently catalyze the formation of hydrogen atoms into H₂. We describe the prompt reaction model for the formation of H₂ on aerosol surfaces and compare this with the catalytic formation of H₂ using negatively charged hydrogenated aromatic macromolecules. We conclude that the PRM is an efficient mechanism for the removal of hydrogen atoms from the atmosphere to form H₂ with a peak formation rate of ∼ 70 cm⁻³ s⁻¹ at 420 km. We also conclude that catalytic H₂ formation via hydrogenated anionic macromolecules is viable but much less productive (a maximum of ∼ 0.1 cm⁻³ s⁻¹ at 210 km) than microphysical aerosols.  相似文献   

New constraints on elemental and Pb and Nd isotope compositions of South American and Southern African aerosol sources to the South Atlantic Ocean     

R. Khondoker  D. Weiss  T. van de Flierdt  M. Rehkämper  K. Kreissig  B.J. Coles  S. Strekopytov  E. Humphreys-Williams  S. Dong  A. Bory  V. Bout-Roumazeilles  P. Smichowski  P. Cid-Agüero  M. Babinski  R. Losno  F. Monna 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2018,78(3):372-384

Improving the geochemical database available for characterising potential natural and anthropogenic aerosol sources from South America and Southern Africa is a critical precondition for studies aimed at understanding trace metal controls on the marine biogeochemical cycles of the South Atlantic Ocean. We here present new elemental and isotopic data for a wide range of sample types from South America and Southern Africa that are potentially important aerosol sources. This includes road dust from Buenos Aires and lichen samples from Johannesburg, soil dust from Patagonia, volcanic ash from the Andean volcanic belt, and aerosol samples from São Paulo. All samples were investigated for major (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, K, Mn) and trace element (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, REE, Sc, Th, Y, V, Zn) concentrations and Nd and Pb isotopic compositions. We show that diagrams of ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb vs. ε_Nd, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb vs. Pb/Al, 1/[Pb], Zn/Al, Cd/Al, Cu/Al, and ε_Nd vs. Pb/Al, and 1/[Nd] are best suited to separate South American and South African source regions as well as natural and anthropogenic sources. A subset of samples from Patagonia and the Andes was additionally subjected to separation of a fine (<5?μm) fraction and compared to the composition of the bulk sample. We show that differences in the geochemical signature of bulk samples between individual regions and source types are significantly larger than between grain sizes. Jointly, these findings present an important step forward towards a quantitative assessment of aeolian trace metal inputs to the South Atlantic Ocean.  相似文献