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1.
为了获取锂钠钾共存硫酸盐体系298.2 K下各盐结晶形式,采用等温溶解平衡法研究了298.2 K下四元体系Li2SO4+Na2SO4+K2SO4+H2O的相平衡关系,测定了该体系的溶解度和密度,采用X-ray粉晶衍射法测定了平衡固相组成,并绘制了相应的稳定相图和多温对比图。研究表明,298.2 K下该四元体系为复杂四元体系,有复盐2Li2SO4·Na2SO4·K2SO4、Li2SO4·3Na2SO4·12H2O、LiKSO4、Na2SO4·3K2SO4生成。其稳定相图由6个四元共饱点、12条单变量曲线以及7个结晶区组成。其中,复盐Na2SO4·3K2SO4结晶区最大,表明其在该体系中最易结晶析出;Li2SO4·H2O结晶区最小。对比273.2 K、288.2 K、298.2 K、323.2 K、373.2 K四元体系多温相图可知,273.2 K时未发现复盐Na2SO4·3K2SO4和2Li2SO4·Na2SO4·K2SO4结晶形式;Na2SO4·10H2O和Li2SO4·3Na2SO4·12H2O结晶形式在323.2 K和373.2 K时转变为Na2SO4和Li2SO4·Na2SO4。288.2~373.2 K时随温度升高,K2SO4和Na2SO4·10H2O结晶相区减小,Li2SO4·H2O、Na2SO4、LiKSO4和Li2SO4·Na2SO4结晶相区增大;Na2SO4·3K2SO4结晶相区先增大后减小,在298.2 K时结晶相区最大;2Li2SO4·Na2SO4·K2SO4结晶相区先减小后增大,298.2 K时结晶相区最小。 相似文献
2.
《Polar Science》2014,8(2):166-182
The larch forests on the permafrost in northeastern Mongolia are located at the southern limit of the Siberian taiga forest, which is one of the key regions for evaluating climate change effects and responses of the forest to climate change. We conducted long-term monitoring of seasonal and interannual variations in hydrometeorological elements, energy, and carbon exchange in a larch forest (48°15′24′′N, 106°51′3′′E, altitude: 1338 m) in northeastern Mongolia from 2010 to 2012. The annual air temperature and precipitation ranged from −0.13 °C to −1.2 °C and from 230 mm to 317 mm. The permafrost was found at a depth of 3 m. The dominant component of the energy budget was the sensible heat flux (H) from October to May (H/available energy [Ra] = 0.46; latent heat flux [LE]/Ra = 0.15), while it was the LE from June to September (H/Ra = 0.28, LE/Ra = 0.52). The annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (RE) were −131 to −257 gC m−2 y−1, 681–703 gC m−2 y−1, and 423–571 gC m−2 y−1, respectively. There was a remarkable response of LE and NEE to both vapor pressure deficit and surface soil water content. 相似文献
3.
采用等温溶解平衡法研究了三元体系LiCl-Li2SO4-H2O和Li2SO4-Na2SO4-H2O在333.15 K下的相平衡关系,测定了333.15 K条件下两个体系平衡溶液的溶解度,根据溶解度数据绘制了两个三元体系的相图。研究发现:在三元体系LiCl-Li2SO4-H2O中,相图由两条单变曲线、一个不变点和两个结晶区组成,平衡固相为LiCl·H2O和Li2SO4·H2O;在三元体系Li2SO4-Na2SO4-H2O中,相图由两个不变点、三条单变曲线和三个结晶区组成,平衡固相分别为Li2SO4·H2O、Na2SO4和Li2SO4·Na2SO4。 相似文献
4.
Y. Olvera-Carrillo J. Márquez-Guzmán M.E. Sánchez-Coronado V.L. Barradas E. Rincón A. Orozco-Segovia 《Journal of Arid Environments》2009,73(4-5):421-427
Opuntia tomentosa seeds have physiological dormancy and a permeable but hard funicular envelope that restricts water uptake and embryo growth. Dormancy break, germination, and changes in the funiculus were compared in laboratory-stored seeds and in those buried for 7 months at different microsites and later exhumed and stored in the laboratory. The funicular envelopes of both lots were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Seeds in both lots were: scarified with H2SO4 (0, 45, 60 and 90 min), treated with gibberellins (0, 1000 and 2000 ppm) and germinated at the same ages (0, 2, 4, 7, and 10 months after exhumation) at 24 °C. Light effect was determined at 24 °C and 20–35 °C. In laboratory-stored seeds germination was low. Exhumed seeds germinated in ～50%, the remaining ones required scarification and gibberellins, but lost dormancy two months later. Gibberellins reduced germination heterogeneity, and scarification reduced germination; the adverse effect of scarification was offset by gibberellins. Exhumed seeds germinated mainly in darkness at 20–35 °C and partially in far red light at both temperatures. SEM showed that fungi eroded the funiculus reducing its resistance. O. tomentosa could form a seed bank, ensuring its survival under heterogeneous environments. 相似文献
5.
合理开发利用四川盆地地下卤水资源,对卤水体系开展多温相平衡与相图的研究具有重要意义。本文通过等温溶解平衡法对在288 K时五元体系NaCl+KCl+MgCl2+SrCl2+H2O(NaCl饱和)进行了相平衡实验研究,运用化学分析法以及X-ray粉晶衍射法分别确定了在288 K温度条件下该体系的平衡液相和平衡固相组成。通过固液相平衡实验数据,绘制了该五元体系以NaCl为饱和区域的干盐相图、水含量图以及氯化钠含量变化图。研究结果表明在288 K且NaCl饱和条件下,该五元体系干盐相图含有2个五元共饱和点、5条等温溶解度曲线和4个固相结晶区(KCl、MgCl2·6H2O、KCl·MgCl2·6H2O和SrCl2·6H2O)。固相结晶区KCl在该干盐相图中面积最大,其次是SrCl2·6H2O,而MgCl2·6H2O的结晶区面积最小,说明KCl在饱和溶液中的溶解度较小,易析出而得到分离,而MgCl2的溶解度最大,难以从饱和溶液中结晶析出,且MgCl2·6H2O对KCl和SrCl2·6H2O有强烈盐析作用。通过对本体系热力学相平衡实验研究和多温相平衡的对比讨论,揭示了钾锶镁等含氯化物卤水体系在多温相平衡与相图条件下的结晶析盐规律,为液态矿产资源开发利用提供理论指导。 相似文献
6.
研究了聚合氯化铝(PAC)为原料合成锂吸附剂的基本工艺路线,并探究了加料方式、反应物配比、反应温度、反应时间和加料速度等对所合成吸附剂吸附量的影响,研究结果表明配比是影响吸附剂吸附量的最主要因素,得到了最佳合成条件,在此条件下所合成吸附剂对锂离子的吸附容量为6.1 mg/g。推断吸附剂的主要成分为晶态或非晶态的LiCl·2Al(OH)_3·nH_2O,同时含有Al(OH)_3、(CaO)_3Al_2O_3·6H_2O及LiCl·H_2O等成分。从吸附结果来看,结晶度较差的片状LiCl·2Al(OH)_3·nH_2O和非晶态的Al(OH)_3为主成分的吸附剂吸附性能最好。 相似文献
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8.
氯氧镁水泥(Magnesium oxychloride cement, MOC)具有快凝、早强、高强、防火和不腐蚀玻璃纤维等优点,非常适合于制作玻璃纤维增强薄壁制品,在农业灌溉工程中具有良好的应用前景。采用XRD和TOPAS分析了新型抗水氯氧镁水泥制成内蒙古防渗渠的物相组成,探讨了氯氧镁水泥制品在自然环境的水化产物与相转变规律、以及相组成对强度的影响。结果表明,在水分缺少的条件下,氯氧镁水泥的水化产物主要为5Mg(OH)_2·MgCl_2·8H_2O(5·1·8)和Mg(OH)_2;在水分充足的条件下,水化产物主要为Mg(OH)_2和5·1·8,碳化产物为碳化氯氧化镁Mg(OH)_2·MgCl_2·2MgCO_3·6H_2O(1·1·2·6)和水菱镁矿4MgCO_3·Mg(OH)_2·4H_2O(4·1·4)。水化产物对强度有促进作用,而碳化产物会降低强度。通过10年的工程环境考验,证明新型氯氧镁水泥制品在环境中能够保持主要强度相5·1·8的稳定性,具有良好的长期力学性能。 相似文献
9.
Laboratory experiments were conduced to assess the synergic effect of chilling and light on photosystem II photochemistry of the halophyte, Sarcocornia fruticosa, grown at different salinity concentrations (0, 170, 340, 510 and 1030 mM). Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured after chilling (at 5 °C in darkness) and light-chilling (at 5 °C and 700 μmol m?2 s?1) treatments, and after 24 h of recovery (at 20 °C and 75 μmol m?2 s?1). At 5 °C and 700 μmol m?2 s?1, plants grown with 0 and 170 mM NaCl showed the lowest Fv/Fm values, whereas quantum efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII) was higher for plants grown at 170 and 340 mM NaCl, these results being consistent after two exposures to chilling treatments. Susceptibility to photoinhibition decreases when low temperature and high light are combined with high salinity. Therefore, populations of S. fruticosa that occur in arid environments with salinities c. 340 mM could show a higher tolerance to light-chilling. 相似文献
10.
Mean tree biomass and soil carbon (C) densities for 39 map sheet grids (1° lat. × 1.5° long.) covering the Acacia woodland savannah region of Sudan (10–16° N; 21–36° E) are presented. Data from the National Forest Inventory of Sudan, Harmonized World Soil Database and FAO Local Climate Estimator were used to calculate C densities, mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT). Above-ground biomass C and soil organic carbon (SOC, 1 m) densities averaged 112 and 5453 g C m−2, respectively. Below-ground biomass C densities, estimated using root shoot ratios, averaged 33 g C m−2. Biomass C densities and MAP increased southwards across the region while SOC densities were lowest in the centre of the region and increased westwards and eastwards. Both above-ground biomass C and SOC densities were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with MAP (rs = 0.84 and rs = 0.34, respectively) but showed non-significant correlations with MAT (rs = −0.22 and rs = 0.24, respectively). SOC densities were significantly correlated with biomass C densities (rs = 0.34). The results indicated substantial under stocking of trees and depletion of SOC, and potential for C sequestration. Up-to-date regional and integrated soil and forest inventories are required for planning improved land-use management and restoration. 相似文献
11.
梯度太阳能池技术在盐湖化工中是一种经济分离无机盐产品的方法，本文创新性的采用等温蒸发法，模拟四元体系(LiCl + NaCl + Li2SO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O)在75℃等温蒸发相平衡，指导太阳池深池积温分离提取锂盐产品。实验测定了溶解度和溶液密度、pH值等物化性质，并绘制了干盐相图、水图和物化性质组成图。在该四元体系干盐相图中包含3个四元共饱点，7条单变量蒸发曲线和5个结晶区，分别为NaCl，Na2SO4，复盐Li2SO4·Na2SO4，Li2SO4·H2O和LiCl·H2O。采用 Pitzer模型和改进的HMW公式，拟合出该四元体系在75℃时的Pitzer单盐参数、混合离子作用参数和平衡固相的热力学平衡常数，并计算给该四元体系的相图，计算相图和实验相图有较大区别。等温蒸发相图能真实的反应盐湖中盐类沉积规律，并对指导太阳池分离盐类具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
12.
The purpose of our study was to better understand seed germination ecology of the spring annual short-lived Olimarabidopsis pumila, which grows in the Gurbantonggut Desert, China. Seeds underwent after-ripening at 4, 20 ± 2 (room temperature) and 30 °C. After dormancy was broken, germination capacity was a function of temperature and presence of light. For the temperature range studied (4–30 °C), germination capacity was significantly higher between 15 and 25 °C than at temperatures above or below them. Alternating temperatures of 20/10, 25/10 and 25/15 °C were favorable for germination. Although GA3 did promote dark germination of seeds, GA3 did not replace light for germination. Seeds germinated to >75% if light exposure time was over 8 h and temperature and moisture conditions were favorable. Seeds were able to germinate at relatively low water potentials (83% at ?0.41 MPa), but decreasing water potentials produced detrimental effects on germination percentage and rate. Thus, dormancy characteristics and germination behavior of O. pumila seeds ensure that germination occurs in the desert only when soil moisture conditions are favorable for seedling establishment and survival. 相似文献
13.
本文报道了在四硼酸十八铝晶须材料制备实验中，原料明矾、脱水明矾和硼酸，以及制成品四硼酸十八铝晶须的熔样处理和分析方法，同时给出有关分析结果。 相似文献
14.
Germination responses of Medicago ruthenica seeds to salinity,alkalinity, and temperature 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
To determine the effects of and the interactions between salinity and temperature, and alkalinity and temperature, we conducted three germination tests of Medicago ruthenica (L.) Sojak cv. ‘Zhilixing’ seeds in growth chambers. In experiment 1, the seeds were placed at a range of temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 °C), and in experiments 2 and 3, we varied the salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 mM NaCl) and alkalinity (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 mM Na2CO3), respectively, within three ranges of alternating temperatures (10–20, 15–25, and 20–30 °C). The seeds of M. ruthenica (L.) Sojak cv. ‘Zhilixing’ showed high percentage germination at all temperatures, except for 5 °C. Seeds germinated well at low NaCl and Na2CO3 concentrations under all three alternating temperature regimes. Approximately half the seeds germinated at high salinity and alkalinity at 15–25 °C, whereas the ungerminated seeds germinated when the high-saline and alkaline stresses were removed. These results suggest that M. ruthenica (L.) Sojak cv. ‘Zhilixing’ has potential utility as a forage legume in saline and alkaline environments. 相似文献
15.
地下卤水中普遍存在较高浓度的锶(1 g/L),研究该类卤水中锶的成盐规律对于资源综合利用具有重要的指导意义。采用Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg超额Gibbs自由能方程和CALPHAD方法构建了Li-Na-K-Mg-Ca-Sr-Cl-H_2O体系的多温相平衡热力学模型,确定了5个含氯化锶三元子体系的多温混合参数。在广泛的温度范围内(273.15 K～373.15 K),模型计算结果与大多数实验结果基本一致,但对于一些体系,模型预测的平衡固相和相区大小仍与实验结果之间存在显著差异;实验数据的离散和匮乏成为全面检验模型预测结果的最大障碍。将模型用于我国三种典型含锶卤水(青海南翼山油田水、四川宣汉川25井卤水和四川平落坝地下卤水)结晶行为的模拟表明:这三种卤水蒸发后期均会有锶盐形成,温度较低时形成SrCl_2·6H_2O,温度较高时形成SrCl_2·2H_2O;温度对青海南翼山油田水和四川宣汉川25井卤水中锶富集最大程度的影响较大,温度升高均有利于锶在卤水中的富集;相比之下,四川平落坝地下卤水中锶的最大富集程度受温度影响较小,当高温析出SrCl_2·2H_2O时卤水中锶的最高浓度几乎不受温度影响。 相似文献
16.
Soils of arid regions of Central Asia contain salts of different types that may differentially affect seed germination and plant development. We studied effect of NaCl, Na2SO4, 2NaCl + KCl + CaCl2 and 2Na2SO4+K2SO4+MgSO4 on germination of Kochia prostrata and Kochia scoparia seeds under a range of concentrations from 0.5 to 5% and at two constant temperature regimes +22 °C and +6 °C. The observed salt tolerance limit of germination at constant temperature +22 °C for both species was 5-6%, while at low temperature (+6 °C) this limit was 2%. The salt tolerance of young plants (before flowering) was 3% for NaCl. Low concentrations of sulfuric and mixed salts had a stimulating effect on seed germination in K. prostrata. Despite similarity of salt-tolerance limits the studied species showed a significant difference in seed recovery ability, i.e. the ability of ungerminated, salt-soaked seeds to germinate after transfer to fresh water. K. scoparia demonstrated a full germination recovery after seed transfer to distilled water while K. prostrata showed only a partial recovery. 相似文献
17.
Prior to oxygen isotope analysis of biogenic silica by fluorination techniques, sediments must be cleaned of all organic compounds.
Despite the expanding volume of research utilising oxygen isotope ratios in biogenic silica in palaeoclimatology, very little
is known about the effects of different standard preparation methods for the removal of organic matter on the isotope values.
Here we compare a number of methods for the removal of organic matter in order to assess their effectiveness and influence
on subsequent isotope measurements. Not all the methods described here effectively removed organic matter, the best treatments
were H2O2 and ignition in air at 550°C. Ignition in air at 950°C, and heating in vacuum at 250 and 450°C results in marked alteration
of isotope values, whereas use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric acid (HNO3) and plasma ashing have little or no effect, within the bounds of analytical error. Ignition in air at 550°C was the most
effective technique, and induced no alteration of δ18Osilica, but practical constraints may limit the application of this method routinely. Our findings indicate that considerable caution
is required when preparing sediment for isotope analysis of biogenic silica. 相似文献
18.
采用溶液共混法制备出硼酸镁晶须(MBOw)、硼酸钙晶须(Ca BOw)、硼酸铜铝晶须(Cu Al BOw)、碱式硫酸镁晶须(MOSw)、碳酸钙晶须(Ca CO3w)及硫酸钙晶须(Ca SO4w)增强的PVC复合材料,研究不同晶须对PVC力学性能的影响。采用扫描电镜分析PVC复合材料的拉伸断面及晶须分散情况。结果表明,除MOS外其它晶须对PVC的拉伸强度和弹性模量有不同程度的提高,MBOw对PVC复合材料的增强效果最显著,当MBOw含量为20%时,所得复合材料力学性能最佳,拉伸强度和弹性模量与纯PVC比较分别提高了38.08%和71.43%。 相似文献
19.
Biological soil crusts cover large areas of the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwestern China where they make a significant contribution to soil stability and fertility. The aim of this study was to quantify the potential nitrogen-fixing activity (NA) of different types of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The results suggest that NA (nmol C2H4 m?2 h?1) for each type of crusts was highly variable. Seasonal variation was also important, with all three types of crusts responding in a similar way to changes in environmental conditions. From March to May, NA was relatively low for all crust types. During this season, NA was 2.26 × 103 for cyanobacterial crust followed by lichen crust (6.54 × 102) and moss crust (6.38 × 102). From June to October, all crust types reached their highest level of NA, especially lichen crust and moss crust (p < 0.01). The NA of cyanobacterial crust (9.81 × 103) was higher than that of lichen crust (9.06 × 103) and moss crust (2.03 × 103). From November to February, when temperatures were consistently low (<0 °C), NA was at its lowest level, especially in cyanobacterial crust (4.18 × 102) and moss crust (5.43 × 102) (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that species composition is critical when estimating N inputs in desert ecosystems. In addition, all three types of crusts generally responded in a similar way to environmental conditions. The presence of N fixation activity in all crusts may contribute to the maintenance of fertility in sparsely vegetated areas and provide surrounding vascular plant with fixed nitrogen. 相似文献
20.
Populations of the winter annual Eruca sativa in Israel are distributed along a climatic gradient, from Mediterranean mesic habitats in the north to semi-arid and arid habitats in the south. Seed cohorts of five populations sampled across the gradient were produced in a common-garden experiment, and their germination was tested under continuous light or darkness at 5–35 °C, as well as with alternating 30/20 and 25/15 °C temperatures under a 12/12 h photoperiod. Germination was enhanced by light and by increasing temperature. Under constant temperatures maximal germination of arid and semi-arid populations was lower than in the mesic populations, suggesting on higher levels of primary dormancy with increasing aridity. Seeds that did not germinate in darkness or at low temperatures in light, germinated almost fully when exposed to GA3 at 25 °C, indicating that imbibition under less favorable conditions induces secondary dormancy in E. sativa. Daily alternating temperatures did not affect or even reduced seed germination compared to constant 25 and 30 °C in continuous light. Exposure of dry seeds to 30 °C before imbibition increased germination to ≥80% in seed cohorts of all populations. These responses to light and temperature indicate that adaptation of E. sativa to the Mediterranean environment is associated with the ability to germinate under the relatively warm autumn temperatures, and is enhanced by exposure to high temperature during the dry summer. 相似文献