Occurrence of hydrogen sulfide in the ground water of Kuwait     

A. Mukhopadhyay  A. Al-Haddad  M. Al-Otaibi  M. Al-Senafy 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(6):1151-1161

Hydrogen sulfide occurs in high concentration (10–200 mg/l) in different parts of Kuwait City and its suburbs at relatively shallow depths (15–40 m from the surface). This was revealed by drilling through the aquifer system underlying the city and sampling and analyzing the ground water at the drilled locations. The near-absence of coliform bacteria in the sulfide-rich zones, the presence of sulfur-reducing bacteria in the deep (>80 m) Dammam Formation aquifer and a linear positive relation between the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and the total dissolved solids content suggested non-anthropogenic origin of the sulfide in the ground water of Kuwait. The upward movement of sulfide-rich water from depth and its differential flushing by surface recharge through outcrops of the aquifers appear to have given rise to the present distribution of hydrogen sulfide in the aquifers underlying the Kuwait City.  相似文献   

Suitability of biogenic carbonate of Lithospermum fruits for C dating     

Konstantin Pustovoytov  Simone Riehl 《Quaternary Research》2006,65(3):508-518

Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) belongs to a small group of plant taxa that accumulate biogenic carbonate in their fruits. In this genus, carbonate incrustations form in the cells of the epidermis and sclerenchyma of the pericarp. Fossil Lithospermum fruits (nutlets) with well-preserved calcified tissues commonly occur in Quaternary sediments and cultural layers. We tested the suitability of biogenic carbonate of Lithospermum fruits for radiocarbon dating using a total of 15 AMS measurement results from four modern and 11 fossil samples. The ¹⁴C data from modern samples suggest that Lithospermum utilises only atmospheric carbon to synthesise calcite in the nutlets. In general, the ages determined through ¹⁴C dating of fossil fruitscorresponded well with the absolute-age intervals for archaeological sites over the last 5000 yr. Biogenic carbonate of Lithospermum fruits, like that of Celtis, represents a new source of chronological information for late Quaternary studies.  相似文献   

The use of sedimentary algal pigments to infer historic algal communities in Lake Apopka,Florida   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Matthew?N.?WatersEmail author  Claire?L.?Schelske  William?F.?Kenney  Andrew?D.?Chapman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,33(1):53-71

The primary producer community of Lake Apopka, a large (125 km²), shallow (mean depth, 1.7 m), polymictic Florida lake, shifted from macrophyte dominance to phytoplankton dominance in the 1940s. Today, frequent wind resuspension of highly organic, unconsolidated sediments supports a meroplanktonic community that is predominantly diatoms, but during calm periods the algal community is dominated by planktonic cyanobacteria. Sedimentary algal pigments (chlorophyll derivatives and carotenoids) and chemical proxies for nutrient enrichment (polyphosphate, total phosphorus and biogenic silica) in three sediment cores were used to investigate historic changes in primary producers. Sediments were separated into three stratigraphic zones using multivariate statistical techniques. Stratigraphic zonation was established in each core although sediment deposition at one site was insufficient to adequately resolve temporal changes. These results show the importance of selecting suitable sites for paleolimnological studies. The oldest zone represents macrophyte-derived sediments, and the two overlying zones represent phytoplankton-derived sediments deposited since the 1940s. Algal pigments in the most recent sediment zone show little degradation, which might be due to the presence of viable meroplankton in the sediment. After the initial primary producer shift from macrophytes to phytoplankton, the lake experienced a short period of cyanobacterial dominance followed by a period of benthic diatom abundance before being replaced by the present algal community consisting of cyanobacteria and meroplanktonic diatoms. Chlorophyll derivatives and carotenoids were highly correlated with total phosphorus. Historic trends inferred from the data include algal and cyanobacterial productivity that increased with increased phosphorus loading. The study demonstrates that valid paleolimnological proxies for historic eutrophication are available in loosely consolidated sediments of shallow, subtropical lakes.  相似文献   

胶州湾沉积物中高生源硅含量的发现--胶州湾浮游植物生长硅限制的证据   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11  

李学刚  宋金明  袁华茂  李凤业  孙松 《海洋与湖沼》2005,36(6):572-579

从研究胶州湾沉积物中生源硅入手,利用对比分析对其限制的原因进行了探讨.研究表明,相对于邻近的黄海和渤海沉积物,胶州湾沉积物中的生源硅含量较高,在湾内外的三个站表层沉积物中生源硅的含量分别为1.58%、1.44%、1.48%,在整个柱状样中的平均含量分别为1.54%、1.48%和1.39%,属于高生源硅含量区.沉积物中BSi∶TN远远大于1,BSi∶TP也远远大于16,与水体中Si∶TN〈1,BSi∶16P〈1相反,同时沉积物中的OC∶BSi值远远小于Redfield比值（106∶16）,表明沉积物中有机质的分解速率远大于BSi的分解速率,生源硅分解的较慢.研究还发现,生源硅和有机碳的含量有明显的正相关关系,二者共同作用的结果是造成相当大的一部分BSi被埋藏,不能参与再循环,从而水体中的硅被永久地“清除”,造成水体硅的缺乏,这可能是造成胶州湾浮游植物生长硅限制的根本原因.湾外BSi较湾内低的主要原因是湾外的沉积物因其有机质含量低,且沉积物的颗粒粗而造成BSi的溶解速率比湾内的高.根据沉积物中生源硅的沉积通量和初级生产力的对比可推知,由硅藻形成的生源硅在沉降过程中平均只有15.5%被分解重新进入水体,其余的84.5%可被埋葬而形成沉积物.而胶州湾沉积物中的硅通过沉积物-海水界面返回到水体中的速率也小于生源硅的沉积速率,这进一步证明了海水中的硅不断向沉积物迁移,导致水体中硅含量持续的低水平,进而使Si成为浮游植物生长限制因子的主要原因.  相似文献   

Distribution of n-alkanes in lacustrine sediments from subtropical lake in Brazil     

Daniele Botelho de Souza  Karina Scurupa Machado  Sandro Froehner  Cristóvão Fernandes Scapulatempo  Tobias Bleninger 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2011,71(2):171-176

The geochemical composition of lake bed sediments of a tropical reservoir in Brazil have been investigated. The C, N, P composition showed almost no variation between the different sampling points. All samples contained inorganic phosphorus (IP) ranging from 52 to 70%. The Redfield ratios show that the lake is without significant anthropogenic inputs. Most of the organic matter is composed by higher plants decomposition revealed in the total organic carbon (TOC):nitrogen (N) ratio ranging from 15.4 to 57.2. Also, TOC:organic phosphorus (OP) ranged from 265.3 to 933.6, suggesting that most of the organic matter has terrestrial origin from wood plants. The ratios suggest that most organic matter is influenced by the terrestrial characteristics of the watershed. Furthermore, the relative abundance of n-alkane homologues in the sediments was investigated. All samples have been analyzed for the n-alkanes C₈ to C₄₀. The sediments were dominated by n-alkanes C₂₅–C₃₈. It is concluded that n-alkane in sediments mainly come from terrestrial plants, however there is a contribution of submerged aquatic plants, especially in those sites in deeper areas of the lake. On the basis of P_aq index the n-alkanes in sediments comes from terrestrial plants, however there is a contribution from emerged/floating plants.The investigated lake seems to be considered as meso to eutrophic. Because of the relatively high primary productivity in the lakes, there is a substantial organic-matter flux to the sediments, which rapidly becomes anoxic. According to the pristine/phytane ratio the sediments represent an anoxic environment with values found between 0.38 and 1.72.  相似文献   

微量生物碳酸盐ICP-OES 元素分析中的仪器优化     

路波  于心科  常凤鸣  仇晓华  南青云 《海洋科学集刊》2011,50(6):1-7

为优化电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测试微量生物碳酸盐中元素含量的工作条件, 在Thermo-Fisher 公司生产的iCAP 6300 Radial 型ICP-OES 上, 对1 050 组仪器条件、32 种不同组成的标准溶液、36 个谱线对和两种仪器校正工作曲线进行了测试; 借助开源科学计算软件Scilab 数据插值和可视化技术对测试数据进行了比较分析。结果表明, 该仪器测试微量生物碳酸盐中Mg/Ca 和Sr/Ca 比值的最佳条件为: 雾化器, 0.1 mL/min 同心雾化器; 冷却气流量, 缺省设置12 L/min; 辅助气流量, 0.5L/min; 雾化气压力, 0.24 MPa; 蠕动泵速, 16 r/min; RF 功率, 1 000 W; 观察高度, 15 mm; 谱线, Ca373.690 nm, Mg 279.553 nm {121}, Sr 407.771 nm; 仪器校准工作曲线为强度-浓度工作曲线。  相似文献   

Correlations Between Biogenic Components and Dust Input and Their Change Mechanism on Hess Rise,Central North Pacific,During the Late Quaternary*     

Defang You  Rujian Wang  Wenshen Xiao 《地球科学进展》2018,33(11):1203-1214

The study of marine export production is helpful to trace the changes of oceanic and global carbon reservoirs. Dust input is an important factor inspiring marine export production. Measurements of carbonate, Opal, TOC and C_org/N were performed on Core SO202-37-2, which was retrieved from Hess Rise, central North Pacific during the German SO202-INOPEX Expedition, for reconstructing variations of the local export production and dust input. The core age model is constructed via morphologically correlating its foraminifer oxygen isotope record with those of Core H3571 and the LR04 stack. XRF-Ti/Ca can be used as a proxy for dust input and its distribution pattern is consistent with that of Opal content, possibly indicating that dust input may have affected the local export production, i.e. the local export production increased (decreased) with enhancing (declining) dust input during interglacial (glacial) periods. Fluctuations in dust input might be due to southward/northward migration of the Westerly Jet over the dust source regions during interglacial and glacial periods. Although global dust output increased during glacial periods, meridional migration of the Westerly Jet in this area made the distribution pattern of the dust deposition in the study area different from that of other areas.  相似文献   

生物硅的测定及其生物地球化学意义   总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19  

叶曦雯  刘素美  张经 《地球科学进展》2003,18(3):420-426

生物硅（BSi）指用化学方法测定的沉积物中的无定形硅含量。生物硅的含量与水体中初级生产息息相关。硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针和硅鞭毛虫产生的生物硅是地球化学和古海洋学研究的重要参数。重点讨论了目前生物硅测定方法中的化学提取法，评述了提取过程中存在的一些问题，并对BSi测定的生物地球化学意义进行了讨论。  相似文献   

Processes controlling solubility of biogenic silica and pore water build-up of silicic acid in marine sediments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Suvasis Dixit  Philippe Van Cappellen  A. Johan van Bennekom 《Marine Chemistry》2001,73(3-4)

Dissolution experiments in batch and flow-through reactors were combined with data on sediment composition and pore water silicic acid profiles to identify processes controlling the solubility of biogenic silica and the build-up of silicic acid in marine sediments. The variability of experimentally determined biogenic silica solubilities is due, in part, to variations in specific surface area and Al content of biosiliceous materials. Preferential dissolution of delicate skeletal structures and frustules with high surface areas leads to a progressive decrease of the specific surface area. This may cause a reduction of the solubility of deposited biosiliceous debris by 10–15%, relative to fresh planktonic assemblages. Dissolution of lithogenic (detrital) minerals in sediments releases dissolved aluminum to the pore waters. This aluminum becomes structurally incorporated into deposited biogenic silica, further decreasing its solubility. Compared to Al-free biogenic silica, the solubility of diatom frustules is lowered by as much as 25% when one out of every 70 Si atoms is substituted by an Al(III) ion.The build-up of silicic acid in pore waters of sediments with variable proportions of detrital matter and biogenic silica was simulated in batch experiments using kaolinite and basalt as model detrital constituents. The steady-state silicic acid concentrations measured in the experiments decreased with increasing detrital-to-opal ratios of the mixtures. This trend is similar to the observed inverse relationship between asymptotic pore water silicic acid concentrations and detrital-to-opal ratios in Southern Ocean sediments. Flow-through reactor experiments further showed that in detrital-rich sediments, precipitation of authigenic alumino-silicates may prevent the pore waters from reaching equilibrium with the dissolving biogenic silica. This agrees with data from Southern Ocean sediments where, at sites containing more than 30 wt.% detrital material, the pore waters remain undersaturated with respect to the experimentally determined in situ solubility of biogenic silica.The results of the study show that interactions between deposited biogenic silica and detrital material cause large variations in the asymptotic silicic acid concentration of marine sediments. The production of Al(III) by the dissolution of detrital minerals affects the build-up of silicic acid by reducing the apparent silica solubility and dissolution kinetics of biosiliceous materials, and by inducing precipitation of authigenic alumino-silicate minerals.  相似文献   

Ocean manganese nodules as stromatolite with a fractal like-signature     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2013

Deep-sea manganese (Mn) nodules are problematic in terms of factors such as their characteristic form and genesis. There are many reports of bacterial species from manganese nodules. However, the genesis of these nodules has not been fully confirmed. Samples, mainly from the Clarion Clipperton Fracture zone in the Pacific Ocean, were examined by mineralogical methods and X-ray CT. Thin sections of these samples showed columnar stromatolite structures with rhythmic bands. Mineralized bacteria were observed by SEM and TEM. Surface morphology could be described as having a fractal-like nature. The fractal characteristics of spherical to dome-like forms were fundamentally composed of at least four ranks. The 4th order form corresponds to the stromatolite dome top shapes. Similar granular domain units and porous characteristics in manganese nodules were clearly observed by X-ray CT sections. Mathematical simulation based on fractal models reproduced similar morphological characteristics to the natural samples. So, we arrived at the concluding hypothesis that manganese nodules are aggregated stromatolite with fractal-like characteristics. Furthermore, we discussed the possibility that the nature of the layer manganese oxide minerals as the major component of the nodule and associated Fe-oxyhydroxide minerals may become an absorber/scavenger of strategic heavy metals and also toxic metals in the environments.  相似文献