Becoming-forest, becoming-local: transformations of a protected area in Honduras     

Mark Bonta 《Geoforum》2005,36(1):95-112

Neotropical cloud forests have been locked away in protected areas that conservationists seek to fashion into spaces exclusively for “Nature,” but they often cannot do so because of the pressure of migrant agriculture, among other factors. The author documents the case of a protected area in Honduras that, while it fails to evolve into an idealized “conservation space,” nevertheless undergoes transformations until it becomes accepted by local actors as a space that provides protection for marginalized groups under threat from a hydroelectric project that seeks to dislodge them. A Deleuzian theoretical approach loosely drawing from complexity theory is utilized to explain the process whereby diverse and conflicting land-use spatialities come to embrace an alien and imposed national park and in the process ally with each other against a perceived greater threat from the outside. The author shows the transformative potentials of protected areas as allies, rather than enemies, of spatial justice movements currently confronting the challenges of “regional economic integration” initiatives such as the Central American Free Trade Agreement.  相似文献   

用双通道动态阈值对GMS-5图像进行自动云检测   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

刘希许健民  杜秉玉 《应用气象学报》2005,16(4):434-444

该文用双通道动态阈值法对GMS-5图像进行自动的云检测。在红外通道和可见光通道，分别对每32×32个像元组成的像元阵进行直方图统计，求出区别云和地物值域的阈值，然后对每个像元阵内的逐个像元进行云判识。讨论了在进行直方图分析以求取阈值的过程中，像元阵大小的选取和动态平滑间距的选取对云检测结果的影响。分析结果表明:像元阵大小取32×32时，像元阵所占的地域空间尺度足够小，像元阵内的观测像元样本数足够多，保证了在直方图聚类分析时，每一类含有足够多的样本；GMS-5观测图像的红外通道对原始直方图进行二次平滑时小平滑间距取1.6 K，可见光通道小平滑间距取1.2%，使得确定动态阈值时步长相对小，保证了分析的精度。用目视图像对分析结果进行真实性检验，在中低纬度地区，可见光和红外两个通道都有资料时，该算法的云判识精度较好。在高纬度地区，由于地表温度低，积雪覆盖多，太阳光照角低，该算法的云判识精度较差。  相似文献   

基于神经网络和分形纹理的夜间浓雾遥感监测技术   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

张顺谦  杨秀蓉 《应用气象学报》2005,16(6):804-809

利用地物光谱信息和图像纹理信息作为地物分类识别标志，将分形理论和BP神经网络应用于夜间浓雾的遥感监测，使夜间浓雾的监测精度明显提高。与传统最大似然法(MLC)比较，晴空地表、雾区、云区的识别精度均有提高，特别是云区的识别精度提高了10%，基于灰度连通域的灰度加权计盒维数图像纹理提取技术使云雾边界的提取更加合理，文章最后对类的归并作了讨论。  相似文献   

Adiabatic predictions and observations of cloud droplet spectral broadness     

Seong Soo Yum  James G. Hudson 《Atmospheric Research》2005,73(3-4):203-223

The evolution of cloud droplet size spectra is calculated using an adiabatic condensational growth model. Broadness (e.g., standard deviation of diameter) of cloud droplet spectra in adiabatic cloud parcels was determined to be critically dependent on cloud supersaturation. Although droplet spectra become narrower as growth continues, the rate of narrowing is slower when cloud supersaturation is lower. This actually leads to broader droplet spectra for more continental clouds or for weaker updrafts because both of these conditions are associated with lower cloud supersaturations. More continental type clouds, which have higher concentrations of smaller droplets, were indeed found to have larger dispersions (standard deviation of diameter/mean diameter of cloud droplets). Some of these results were consistent with observations, but the larger dispersions that were much more commonly observed for continental compared to maritime clouds were due almost exclusively to smaller droplets rather than broader droplet distributions. Contrary to the model calculations, typical observations show that cleaner clouds usually have broader droplet spectra. The gaps in magnitude between theory and observations of broadness are significant in all clouds. When cloud parcels that had ascended under different updraft conditions were compared at a constant cloud altitude, parcels with lower updrafts were predicted to have broader droplet spectra with larger mean diameters. This trend of apparent spectral broadening was consistent with observations for some near-adiabatic cloud parcels.  相似文献   

High resolution numerical weather prediction over the Indian subcontinent     

T. S. V. Vijaya Kumar  T. N. Krishnamurti 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(5):529-555

In this study, the Florida State University Global Spectral Model (FSUGSM), in association with a high-resolution nested regional spectral model (FSUNRSM), is used for short-range weather forecasts over the Indian domain. Three-day forecasts for each day of August 1998 were performed using different versions of the FSUGSM and FSUNRSM and were compared with the observed fields (analysis) obtained from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The impact of physical initialization (a procedure that assimilates observed rain rates into the model atmosphere through a set of reverse algorithms) on rainfall forecasts was examined in detail. A very high nowcasting skill for precipitation is obtained through the use of high-resolution physical initialization applied at the regional model level. Higher skills in wind and precipitation forecasts over the Indian summer monsoon region are achieved using this version of the regional model with physical initialization. A relatively new concept, called the ‘multimodel/multianalysis superensemble’ is described in this paper and is applied for the wind and precipitation forecasts over the Indian subcontinent. Large improvement in forecast skills of wind at 850 hPa level over the Indian subcontinent is shown possible through the use of the multimodel superensemble. The multianalysis superensemble approach that uses the latest satellite data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) has shown significant improvement in the skills of precipitation forecasts over the Indian monsoon region.  相似文献   

"06.7"郧西暴雨天气的成因分析     

王莉萍  孙超作  杜世晔 《湖北气象》2007,26(3):261-265

利用常规气象资料和卫星云图资料,采用天气学诊断方法,从大尺度环流背景、天气系统、物理量场、对流云团演变特征等方面,分析了2006年7月3～4日出现在湖北郧西的一次暴雨天气过程的成因。结果表明,此次暴雨是在副热带高压减弱东退形势下产生的;700 hPa和850 hPa的冷槽、切变线是此次强降水的主要影响系统,暴雨区位于700 hPa切变线右侧、850 hPa切变线附近;暴雨区上空存在明显正涡度柱,低层辐合与中高层辐散形成抽吸作用,为暴雨过程发生发展提供了动力条件;存在于孟加拉湾至我国西南地区的水汽通道为暴雨过程提供了必需的水汽;整个暴雨过程都伴随着中尺度对流云团的初生、发展、合并和减弱,降水主要由发展型对流云团造成。  相似文献   

基于葵花-8卫星宁夏暴雨监测预警指标研究     

张晓茹  李映春  纪晓玲  邵建 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2022,16(1):41-47

基于葵花-8卫星红外通道资料和地面降水数据,对2017年5—9月宁夏暴雨过程进行云团识别、特征参数(云顶平均亮温、最低亮温、亮温梯度、冷云面积和降温率)计算及监测预警指标分析.结果表明:所选云团特征参数在不同类暴雨过程中有较明显的表现特征.暴雨发生时,云顶平均亮温和最低亮温分别介于213～228 K和199～227 K...  相似文献   

GRAPES-TCM台风模式的新涡旋初始化方案——原理和实施     

许晓林  LIUQingfu  陈葆德  王晓峰 《大气科学》2019,43(5):975-989

在更新的GRAPES-TCM (Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System-Tropical Cyclone Model)台风模式架构下,引进与发展了一个新的涡旋初始化方案。该方案对台风涡旋进行极小化订正,减少了人为因素对台风涡旋结构的影响,所产生的涡旋满足特定的动力与热力平衡,且保持了与模式动力及热力的一致性。新的涡旋初始化方案能更精细地体现初始台风的强度与结构,强度更接近于观测,结构更为合理。试验表明其可以有效地改善台风路径与强度的预报精度。  相似文献   

近期气候预测系统IAP-DecPreS对印度洋偶极子的回报技巧:全场同化和异常场同化的比较     

胡帅  吴波  周天军 《大气科学》2019,43(4):831-845

印度洋偶极子（IOD）是热带印度洋年际变率主导模态之一,对于区域乃至全球气候有重要影响。准确预报IOD对于短期气候预测具有重要意义。中国科学院大气物理研究所最近建立了近期气候预测系统IAP-DecPreS,其初始化方案采用“集合最优插值—分析增量更新”（EnOI-IAU）方案,能够同化观测的海洋次表层温度廓线资料。本文分析了IAP-DecPreS季节回报试验对IOD的回报技巧,重点比较了全场同化和异常场同化两种初始化策略下预测系统对IOD的回报技巧。分析表明,8月起报秋季IOD,无论从确定性预报还是概率性预报的角度,基于全场同化的回报试验技巧均高于异常场同化的回报试验。对于5月起报的秋季IOD,基于两种初始化策略的回报试验技巧相当。研究发现,全场同化策略相对于异常场的优势主要源于它提高了对伴随ENSO发生的IOD的预报技巧。ENSO遥强迫触发的热带东印度洋“风—蒸发—SST”正反馈过程是IOD发展和维持的关键。采用全场同化策略的回报结果能够更好地模拟出IOD发展过程中ENSO遥强迫产生的异常降水场和异常风场的空间分布特征;而采用异常场同化策略,模拟的异常降水场和风场偏差较大。导致两种初始化策略预测结果技巧差异的主要原因是,全场同化能够减小模式对热带印度洋气候平均态降水固有的模拟偏差,从而提升了热带印度洋对ENSO遥强迫响应的模拟能力。而异常场同化由于在同化过程中保持了模式固有的气候平均态,因此模拟的热带印度洋对ENSO遥强迫的响应存在与模式自由积分类似的模拟偏差。  相似文献   

二维粒子形状分类技术在云微物理特征分析中的应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王磊  李成才  赵增亮  姚志刚  韩志刚  魏强 《大气科学》2014,38(2):201-212

本文介绍了一种针对飞机粒子探测系统中云二维图像探头开发的二维粒子形状分类技术。该技术利用粒子形状几何参数特征把云粒子分为8种类型,分别为微小状、线形状、聚合状、霰状、球状、六角形状、不规则状和枝状。同时结合冰水质量关系,给出了探头液水含量和冰水含量的计算方法。最后应用该技术对2006年4月6日一次飞机探测获取的数据进行了云微物理结构分析,聚合状、霰状、六角形状、不规则状的总出现频率为78%,其中霰状粒子的出现频率随着温度的降低而增加。非降水云中的液水含量、液滴粒子浓度、冰晶浓度明显小于降水云,非降水云中液水含量的平均值为0.01 g m-3,冰水含量的平均值0.007 g m-3,冰晶粒子浓度的平均值为11.9 L-1。  相似文献