Spatio-temporal regression kriging for modelling urban NO2 concentrations     

Vera van Zoest  Frank B. Osei  Gerard Hoek  Alfred Stein 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(5):851-865

ABSTRACT

Recently developed urban air quality sensor networks are used to monitor air pollutant concentrations at a fine spatial and temporal resolution. The measurements are however limited to point support. To obtain areal coverage in space and time, interpolation is required. A spatio-temporal regression kriging approach was applied to predict nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations at unobserved space-time locations in the city of Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Prediction maps were created at 25 m spatial resolution and hourly temporal resolution. In regression kriging, the trend is separately modelled from autocorrelation in the residuals. The trend part of the model, consisting of a set of spatial and temporal covariates, was able to explain 49.2% of the spatio-temporal variability in NO₂ concentrations in Eindhoven in November 2016. Spatio-temporal autocorrelation in the residuals was modelled by fitting a sum-metric spatio-temporal variogram model, adding smoothness to the prediction maps. The accuracy of the predictions was assessed using leave-one-out cross-validation, resulting in a Root Mean Square Error of 9.91 μg m^?3, a Mean Error of ?0.03 μg m^?3 and a Mean Absolute Error of 7.29 μg m^?3. The method allows for easy prediction and visualization of air pollutant concentrations and can be extended to a near real-time procedure.  相似文献   

Determination of the role of entrapped air in water flow in a closed soil pipe using a laboratory experiment          下载免费PDF全文

Takuhei Yamasaki  Hiromi Imoto  Shoichiro Hamamoto  Taku Nishimura 《水文研究》2017,31(21):3740-3749

Soil pipes, continuous macropores parallel to the soil surface, are an important factor in hillslope hydrological processes. However, the water flow dynamics in soil pipes, especially closed soil pipes, are not well understood. In this study, the water and air dynamics within closed soil pipes have been investigated in a bench‐scale laboratory experiment by using a soil box with an artificial acrylic soil pipe. In order to grasp the state of water and air within the soil pipe, we directly measured the existing soil pipe flow and air pressure in the soil pipe. The laboratory experiment showed that air in the soil pipe had an important role in the water flow in the closed soil pipe. When air entrapment occurred in the soil pipe before the soil matrix around the soil pipe was saturated with water, water intrusion in the soil pipe was prevented by air entrapped in the pipe, which inhibited the soil pipe flow. This air entrapment in the soil pipe was controlled by the soil water and air flow. Moreover, after the soil pipe flow started, the soil pipe was not filled completely with water even when the soil pipe was completely submerged under the groundwater table. The entrapped air in the soil pipe prevented further water intrusion in the soil pipe.  相似文献   

日气温变化下杭州湾水温的数值模拟     

汪求顺  李志永 《海洋通报》2018,(3):303-309

杭州湾内水温在不同时间尺度下均存在变化,这对河口生态等会产生影响。由于昼夜气温变化大,空气和海水的热量交换较为频繁。另外,随着气温的逐日下降,水温也随之降低。为研究日气温变化下杭州湾内的水温变化,建立了三维数学模型,通过考虑水面和空气的热交换通量,复演了日气温变化下湾内水温特征。经过和实测潮流数据比较,本文模型很好地模拟出了杭州湾内大、中和小潮期间水流的变化。在综合考虑太阳辐射、长波辐射和水气感热交换下,模型成功再现了日气温变化下水温的变化过程。研究结果一方面有助于认识强潮河口湾内水温变化特征,另一方面将为研究温度对泥沙运动的影响提供前期基础。  相似文献   

An elasto‐plastic three phase model for partially saturated soil for the finite element simulation of compressed air support in tunnelling     

F. Nagel  G. Meschke 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2010,34(6):605-625

This paper presents a fully coupled finite element formulation for partially saturated soil as a triphasic porous material, which has been developed for the simulation of shield tunnelling with heading face support using compressed air. While for many numerical simulations in geotechnics use of a two‐phase soil model is sufficient, the simulation of compressed air support demands the use of a three‐phase model with the consideration of air as a separate phase. A multiphase model for soft soils is developed, in which the individual constituents of the soil—the soil skeleton, the fluid and the gaseous phase—and their interactions are considered. The triphasic model is formulated within the framework of the theory of porous media, based upon balance equations and constitutive relations for the soil constituents and their mixture. An elasto‐plastic, cam–clay type model is extended to partially saturated soil conditions by incorporating capillary pressure according to the Barcelona basic model. The hydraulic properties of the soil are described via DARCY 's law and the soil–water characteristic curve after VAN GENUCHTEN . Water is modelled as an incompressible and air as a compressible phase. The model is validated by means of selected benchmark problems. The applicability of the model to geotechnical problems is demonstrated by results from the simulation of a compressed air intervention in shield tunnelling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

老旧防空洞探测方法与分析     

刘平利  乔天荣  张鸿祥 《测绘与空间地理信息》2021,44(4):189-191,194

老旧防空洞是一种隐埋于地下几米到几十米的人防设施,一般的仪器无法从地表对其准确定位。本文利用地球物理勘探微重力测量和瞬变电磁测量两种方法,分别对已知参数防空洞进行探测,通过和已知防空洞的参数进行对比,总结出了微重力探测老旧防空洞的有效方法。  相似文献   

全球变暖背景下我国春季气温的时空变化特征   总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2  

董李丽  李清泉  丁一汇 《气象》2015,41(10):1177-1189

利用我国台站观测逐日气温资料和美国NCEP/NCAR再分析大气环流资料,通过分析比较我国1951—1980和1981—2010年两个时段春季气温的季节、月、候时间尺度的气候平均特征,研究20世纪80年代以后的春季气温和季节进程的变化特征,并初步探讨了春季气温变化的可能原因。结果表明：20世纪80年代以后,除了西南等地,全国大部分地区春季增温,由东北到西南呈现气温“升高—降低”的形势。在春季3—5月,除西南局部地区气温下降外,全国其余大部分地区气温升高0~1℃。3—5月季节进程在江南和西南东部地区加快,内蒙古和华南南部地区则经历了由快到慢的变化,东北地区、西南地区南部、西北地区北部春季进程速度减慢。总体来说,在全球变暖背景下,我国东部地区春季开始早、结束早,西部地区春季开始和结束时间变化不明显。与1951—1980年相比,20世纪80年代以后,春季乌拉尔山地区高压减弱,东亚大槽减弱,亚洲中高纬地区纬向环流加强,西太平洋副热带高压加强,东亚副热带西风急流明显增强,因此不利于来自北半球极地和高纬地区的冷空气影响我国,我国大部（特别是东北）地区春季气温偏高。但是,中东急流偏强,东亚副热带急流偏南,有利于欧洲中东部冷空气影响我国西南地区,导致西南地区气温偏低;同时,南支槽偏弱,不利于印度洋和孟加拉湾的暖湿气流向北影响我国西南地区,也使得西南地区气温易于偏低。  相似文献   

Climate Comparisons and Change Projections for the Northwest Atlantic from Six CMIP5 Models     

John W. Loder  Augustine van der Baaren  Igor Yashayaev 《大气与海洋》2015,53(5):529-555

Abstract

Key physical variables for the Northwest Atlantic (NWA) are examined in the “historical” and two future Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) simulations of six Earth System Models (ESMs) available through Phase 5 of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The variables are air temperature, sea-ice concentration, surface and subsurface ocean temperature and salinity, and ocean mixed-layer depth. Comparison of the historical simulations with observations indicates that the models provide a good qualitative and approximate quantitative representation of many of the large-scale climatological features in the NWA (e.g., annual cycles and spatial patterns). However, the models represent the detailed structure of some important NWA ocean and ice features poorly, such that caution is needed in the use of their projected future changes. Monthly “climate change” fields between the bidecades 1986–2005 and 2046–2065 are described, using ensemble statistics of the changes across the six ESMs. The results point to warmer air temperatures everywhere, warmer surface ocean temperatures in most areas, reduced sea-ice extent and, in most areas, reduced surface salinities and mixed-layer depths. However, the magnitudes of the inter-model differences in the projected changes are comparable to those of the ensemble-mean changes in many cases, such that robust quantitative projections are generally not possible for the NWA.  相似文献   

顶驱车载钻机空气潜孔锤钻进用低压防喷装置的研制          下载免费PDF全文

赵江鹏  王四一  张晶  刘祺 《探矿工程》2015,42(7):38-41

在空气潜孔锤钻进时,孔口安装防喷装置可将高速返出的粉尘或泥浆导离孔口,防止喷向工作台而污染孔口工作环境。综合考虑ZMK5530TZJ60型车载钻机孔口工作台结构特点、配套的斜坡钻杆外形特征、钻进工艺特点以及装卸操作环境等因素,设计了一款适用于顶驱车载钻机的空气潜孔锤钻进用低压防喷装置。该低压防喷装置具有结构简单、安装方便;通过胶芯与钻具之间的过盈实现孔口密封,密封胶芯补偿量大,可密封外径变化较大的斜坡钻杆;可在加接钻杆时更换密封胶芯;设置了2个导流口,上返流体在此压降变化小,有利于排渣的通畅等优点。现场试验表明,该低压防喷装置能够有效密封粉尘泄漏、明显改善孔口施工环境,达到了设计的目的。  相似文献   

吕宋冷涡的年际变化及影响机制分析          下载免费PDF全文

邓思捷  谢玲玲  朱振坤  李君益 《海洋科学进展》2022,40(1):13-26

基于吕宋岛附近海域1985-2020年的海表温度、风应力和海面高度等卫星资料,分析吕宋冷涡(Luzon Cold Eddy,LCE)强度及中心位置的年际及长期变化趋势,探讨风场和黑潮入侵在LCE变化过程中的作用.结果 表明:35 a来,LCE整体呈现减弱趋势,其中心位置最大概率出现在(117°54′E,18°06′N)...  相似文献   

中国近地面PM2.5浓度与排放的时空分布及其关联分析     

冯子钰  施润和 《地球信息科学学报》2021,23(7):1221-1230

PM_2.5是威胁人体健康的主要大气污染物之一。大量研究关注近地面PM_2.5浓度的监测及其时空分布,但目前针对PM_2.5排放及其与近地面浓度之间的关联研究较为缺乏。本文通过2000—2014年近地面PM_2.5浓度格网数据和PM_2.5排放格网数据,采用长时间序列分析法对PM_2.5浓度和PM_2.5排放从定性和定量两个角度进行时空变化趋势对比研究,并进一步结合标准差椭圆法和趋势分析法,分析了我国近地面PM_2.5浓度和PM_2.5排放的时空变化特征及其关联。结果表明,从总体时间序列趋势上,近地面PM_2.5浓度和PM_2.5排放之间在空间分布上基本呈现一致性,集中在胡焕庸线以东的人口密集区,但在时间上,PM_2.5浓度和排放之间存在动态变化时间差。且PM_2.5浓度的变化更为明显,2000—2007年高于35 μg/m³的国土面积占比增加了14.26%,2007—2014年减少了2.84%;从标准差椭圆分析来看,PM_2.5浓度椭圆和排放椭圆在覆盖面积和方位角上与人口和经济分布吻合,但前者面积更大,长轴更接近于东西方向,二者存在约17°差异,而两类椭圆的中心位置随时间变化呈现出较一致的轨迹特征并呈现出滞后特点;此外,受大气扩散、点源排放等因素影响,PM_2.5浓度变化趋势与排放变化趋势在胡焕庸线以东并不完全一致,部分区域排放呈降低趋势而浓度则反而呈升高趋势。因此,从全国层面来看,减排政策对浓度降低在时间上虽存在滞后,但边际效益显著,并已显露成效;而从局地来看,受地形、气象条件和大气化学过程等复杂影响,二者的变化在空间上仍会存在差异,有待进一步深入研究;从防控措施来看,在继续加强落实本地减排政策的同时,应考虑污染物的扩散迁移规律,加强联防联控,有效改善空气质量。  相似文献