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431.
432.
文章通过1996年7月30日中尺度对流复合体(MCC)的诊断分析,对盛夏华北南部集中出现MCC的原因进行了探讨。指出:华北南部MCC产生于控制黄淮上空的带状副热带高压西北部边缘。低空的暖湿偏南气流在静止锋上被强迫抬升,引起中尺度对流云团不断新生、合并,是MCC生成的主要机制。而华北南部地区西靠太行山脉、东临黄海和渤海的地理环境有利于高温区在这一带形成,以及鲁中山区的阻滞作用有利于地面静止锋形成、加强,则是MCC集中出现于华北南部的重要地方性因素。 相似文献
433.
Systematic westerly biases in the southern hemisphere wintertime flow and easterly equatorial biases are experienced in the Météo-France climate model. These biases are found to be much reduced when a simple parameterization is introduced to take into account the vertical momentum transfer through the gravity waves excited by deep convection. These waves are quasi-stationary in the frame of reference moving with convection and they propagate vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where they may exert a significant deceleration of the mean flow at levels where dissipation occurs. Sixty-day experiments have been performed from a multiyear simulation with the standard 31 levels for a summer and a winter month, and with a T42 horizontal resolution. The impact of this parameterization on the integration of the model is found to be generally positive, with a significant deceleration in the westerly stratospheric jet and with a reduction of the easterly equatorial bias. The sensitivity of the Météo-France climate model to vertical resolution is also investigated by increasing the number of vertical levels, without moving the top of the model. The vertical resolution is increased up to 41 levels, using two kinds of level distribution. For the first, the increase in vertical resolution concerns especially the troposphere (with 22 levels in the troposphere), and the second treats the whole atmosphere in a homogeneous way (with 15 levels in the troposphere); the standard version of 31 levels has 10 levels in the troposphere. A comparison is made between the dynamical aspects of the simulations. The zonal wind and precipitation are presented and compared for each resolution. A positive impact is found with the finer tropospheric resolution on the precipitation in the mid-latitudes and on the westerly stratospheric jet, but the general impact on the model climate is weak, the physical parameterizations used appear to be mostly independent to the vertical resolution. 相似文献
434.
Kusuma G. Rao 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,111(2):247-273
For the first time, the exchange coefficient of heat CH has been estimated from eddy correlation of velocity and virtual temperature fluctuations using sonic anemometer measurements made at low wind speeds over the monsoon land atJodhpur (26°18' N, 73°04' E), a semi arid station. It shows strong dependence on wind speed, increasing rapidly with decreasing wind speed, and scales according to a power law CH = 0.025U10
-0.7 (where U10 is the mean wind speed at 10-m height). A similar but more rapid increase in the drag coefficient CDhas already been reported in an earlier study. Low winds (<4 m s-1) are associated with both near neutral and strong unstable situations. It is noted that CH increases with increasing instability. The present observations best describe a low wind convective regime as revealed in the scaling behaviour of drag, sensible heat flux and the non-dimensional temperature gradient. Neutral drag and heat cofficients,corrected using Monin–Obukhov (M–O) theory, show a more uniform behaviour at low wind speeds in convective conditions, when compared with the observed coefficients discussed in a coming paper.At low wind convective conditions, M-O theory is unable to capture the observed linear dependence of drag on wind speed, unlike during forced convections. The non-dimensional shear inferred from the present data shows noticeable deviations from Businger's formulation, a forced convection similarity. Heat flux is insensitive to drag associated with weak winds superposed on true free convection. With heat flux as the primary variable, definition of new velocity scales leads to a new drag parameterization scheme at low wind speeds during convective conditionsdiscussed in a coming paper. 相似文献
435.
436.
“99.6”梅雨锋暴雨对流动量输送特征的诊断分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用MM 5V3输出的高时空分辨率资料对“99.6”梅雨锋暴雨过程中对流动量输送特征X进行了诊断分析研究 ,主要结论如下 :( 1)模拟结果和观测分析的比较表明 ,中尺度模式MM 5V3能够成功地模拟“99.6”梅雨锋暴雨中尺度系统的发生和发展及演变。 ( 2 )通过对中尺度系统强烈发展时刻的对流动量输送 (CMT)诊断分析表明 :动量收支残差与平均流场的方向一致 ,它有利于加速西南气流北上 ,和 β中尺度系统的发生和发展 ;结果也表明强矢量几乎总是与产生强烈上升运动的 β中尺度系统相对应。动能转换的诊断表明 ,低涡前部的相间出现E >0和E<0的区域 ,这显示出在中尺度系统强烈发展时大尺度系统与中尺度系统之间的能量转换非常复杂 ,并不是简单的能量串级过程所能描述的 ;同时E的正值比负值的绝对值要大得多 ,这表明能量主要是从大尺度向次网格尺度转换 ,激发次网格尺度系统的发生和发展。 ( 3 )当切变线低涡离陆入海时 ,X矢量则对西南气流产生强烈的减速作用。 v和 vY的垂直剖面分析显示 ,南风此时在对流层中低层受到明显的减速作用。 ( 4 )转换能量E的垂直廓线显示 ,在中尺度系统强烈发展时 ,对流层中低层的能量顺尺度 (E >0 )输送非常强 ,而在低涡切变线离陆入海时 ,对流层则表现为逆尺度输送 (E <0 )。 相似文献
437.
438.
The heat flow map of Europe was derived from 2605 existing observations, which for this purpose were supplemented by numerous results of deep borehole temperatures, gradients and local heat flow patterns. In areas without data the heat flow field was extrapolated on the basis of the regional tectonic structure and the observed correlation of heat flow and the age of the last tectono-thermal event. The heat flow pattern as obtained in the map may be described by two components: (i) regional part and (ii) local part of the measured surface geothermal activity. The regional part of the heat flow field in Europe is dominated on the whole by a general north-east to south-west increase of the geothermal activity, which is an obvious consequence of the tectonic evolution, the major heat flow provinces corresponding thus to the principal tectonic units. The geothermal fine structure (local part) superimposing the former is mainly controlled by local tectonics, especially by the distribution of the deep reaching fracture zones and by the hydrogeological parameters. The correlation between the heat flow pattern and the crustal structure allows some preliminary geophysical implications: (a) areas of the increased seismicity may be connected with the zones of high horizontal temperature gradient, (b) increased surface heat flow may be generally observed in the zones of weakened crustal thickness, (c) there are considerable regional variations in the calculated temperature on the Moho-discontinuity, as well as in the upper mantle heat flow contribution. 相似文献
439.
Summary Two-phase thermal convection has been studied in a porous layer heated from below. A water saturated porous layer was heated so that boiling occurred on the lower boundary. In order to observe flow patterns one lateral dimension of the apparatus was made small. At moderate heat fluxes a water zone overlay a two-phase, steam-water zone. Water velocities and streamlines were obtained as well as the location of the two-phase zone for several heat fluxes. Within the water zone heat transfer took place due to both conduction and convection. In the two-phase zone heat transfer took place due to counterpercolation of steam and water. 相似文献
440.
E. S. Sarachik 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1985,123(2):261-271
It is suggested that the gross mean vertical structure of the undisturbed tropical atmosphere may be understood in terms of convective boundary layers driven in different ways and on different time scales by the evaporation of water from the sea surface. The mixed layer on a short time scale is driven partly by the buoyancy produced by the light weight of the water vapor; the trade cumulus layer on an intermediate time scale by the buoyancy (but not heating) produced by the condensation of the water vapor in shallow trade cumulus clouds; and the troposphere itself on a long time scale by the buoyancyand heating produced by the condensation of the water vapor in the deep cumulonimbus clouds.May 1985This paper was issued as a Harvard University report in 1974. For this version only Section 5 has been rewritten. There has been sufficient interest in this work over the years to warrant making it more widely available through the open literature.Contribution No. 783 from NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 相似文献