FEATURES OF WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT OF TYPHOON DAN (9914)     

邓国  周玉淑  于占江 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2006,12(1):46-54

The 2.5^。×2.52^。 gridded ECMWF reanalysis data are used to diagnose the genesis, development and dissipation of typhoon Dan by calculated stream function, velocity potential and vapor budget. It is shown in the result that when typhoon Dan moved westwards, water vapor mainly came from the eastern and western boundaries, with most of it was transferred by the easterly flow south of the western North Pacific subtropical high; after Dan swerved northwards, water vapor mainly came from western boundary of the typhoon, and the vapor came from the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. The transfer of water vapor was mainly concentrated on the mid-lower troposphere, especially the level of 925hPa, at which the most intensive transfer belt was located. During the different period of typhoon Dan, there was great water vapor change as indicated by stream function, velocity potential and vapor budget, which suggest the importance of water vapor in the development of typhoon Dan.  相似文献   

地基遥感大气水汽总量和云液态水总量的研究   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

刘朝顺  吕达仁  杜秉玉 《南京气象学院学报》2006,29(5):606-612

介绍了地基微波辐射计遥感反演大气柱中的水汽总量和云液态水总量的辐射传输原理和反演方法。给出了实用的有气候代表性的北京地区4个季节的反演公式，并对反演公式进行了数值检验，分析了反演精度：春、夏、秋、冬4季水汽总量反演的相对标准偏差分别为3．1％、1．6％、2．2％和2．4％。用反演公式反演在香河探测的NASA微波辐射计资料发现：微波辐射计反演的水汽总量平均比探空测量值偏大O．21cm，二者的线性相关系数为0．988．均方根误差为0．16cm：云液态水总量除降水云天外．值均在0．1mm以下。  相似文献   

Assessment of drought vulnerability based on the soil moisture PDF     

Chulsang Yoo  Sangdan Kim  Tae-Woong Kim 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2006,21(2):131-141

This paper studies the statistics of the soil moisture condition and its monthly variation for the purpose of evaluating drought vulnerability. A zero-dimensional soil moisture dynamics model with the rainfall forcing by the rectangular pulses Poisson process model are used to simulate the soil moisture time series for three sites in Korea: Seoul, Daegu, and Jeonju. These sites are located in the central, south-eastern, and south-western parts of the Korean Peninsular, respectively. The model parameters are estimated on a monthly basis using hourly rainfall data and monthly potential evaporation rates obtained by the Penmann method. The resulting soil moisture simulations are summarized on a monthly basis. In brief, the conclusions of our study are as follows. (1) Strong seasonality is observed in the simulations of soil moisture. The soil moisture mean is less than 0.5 during the dry spring season (March, April, and June), but other months exceed the 0.5 value. (2) The spring season is characterized by a low mean value, a high standard deviation and a positive skewness of the soil moisture content. On the other hand, the wet season is characterized by a high mean value, low standard deviation, and negative skewness of the soil moisture content. Thus, in the spring season, much drier soil moisture conditions are apparent due to the higher variability and positive skewness of the soil moisture probability density function (PDF), which also indicates more vulnerability to severe drought occurrence. (3) Seoul, Daegue, and Jeonju show very similar overall trends of soil moisture variation; however, Daegue shows the least soil moisture contents all through the year, which implies that the south-eastern part of the Korean Peninsula is most vulnerable to drought. On the other hand, the central part and the south-western part of the Korean peninsula are found to be less vulnerable to the risk of drought. The conclusions of the study are in agreement with the climatology of the Korean Peninsula.  相似文献   

Implementation of a Surface Runoff Model with Horton and Dunne Mechanisms into the Regional Climate Model RegCM_NCC   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

史学丽  谢正辉  刘一鸣  杨宏伟 《大气科学进展》2007,24(5):750-764

A surface runoff parameterization scheme that dynamically represents both Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell together with a consideration of the subgrid-scaie soil heterogeneity, is implemented into the National Climate Center regional climate model （RegCM_NCC）. The effects of the modified surface runoff scheme on RegCMANCC performance are tested with an abnormal heavy rainfall process which occurred in summer 1998. Simulated results show that the model with the original surface runoff scheme （noted as CTL） basically captures the spatial pattern of precipitation, circulation and land surface variables, but generally overestimates rainfall compared to observations. The model with the new surface runoff scheme （noted as NRM） reasonably reproduces the distribution pattern of various variables and effectively diminishes the excessive precipitation in the CTL. The processes involved in the improvement of NRM-simulated rainfall may be as follows： with the new surface runoff scheme, simulated surface runoff is larger, soil moisture and evaporation （latent heat flux） are decreased, the available water into the atmosphere is decreased; correspondingly, the atmosphere is drier and rainfall is decreased through various processes. Therefore, the implementation of the new runoff scheme into the RegCMANCC has a significant effect on results at not only the land surface, but also the overlying atmosphere.  相似文献   

清咸丰六年长江三角洲地区旱灾气候背景分析   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

杨煜达 《气象与减灾研究》2007,30(3):26-30

介绍了清咸丰六年(1856年)长江三角洲地区大旱的发生情况,认为此次大旱持续时间长,属夏秋连旱;旱情严重,波及面广,几乎影响到了长江三角洲的所有地区,太湖流域北部、南部,江北淮南地区最严重,太湖东部的苏州、松江二府、太仓直隶州的灾情略轻,江北东部的通州直隶州灾情也较轻,最东边的海门直隶厅甚至没有找到大灾的明确记载。大旱之后继发了大蝗灾。在此基础上,对引发此次严重干旱的气候背景进行了分析。分析结果认为,副热带高压强度偏弱,但脊线位置偏北,造成了季风雨带偏北,长江三角洲地区长时间处在副高控制下,从5月底至8月底没有出现连续性降水,造成了罕见的大旱;而春季降水不足,又加剧了灾情。  相似文献   

近55年来中国10大水文区域干旱化分析   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  

王志伟  翟盘茂  武永利 《高原气象》2007,26(4):874-880

根据1951—2005年我国629个气象观测站逐月降水资料,采用Z指数方法,对我国10大水文区的干旱变化特征进行了研究。研究表明,近55年来,海河流域、辽河流域、松花江流域、淮河流域和黄河流域干旱范围趋于扩大,其中松花江流域、淮河流域、海河流域扩大的趋势更明显,西北诸河流域的干旱范围明显缩小,而长江流域、珠江流域、西南诸河区以及东南诸河干旱范围没有明显的变化趋势,各流域都有明显的阶段变化特征。淮河流域、海河流域和辽河流域干旱范围变化的年际间振幅较大,西南诸河流域和长江流域的年际间振幅较小。松花江流域、辽河流域、海河流域和淮河流域20世纪90年代开始干旱范围扩大迅速,进入21世纪后又都有明显的下降趋势。从线性变化趋势、阶段变化特征分析,预计到21世纪初期海河流域、辽河流域、松花江流域、淮河流域、西北诸河流域和黄河流域干旱范围趋于缩小,降水可能增多,东南诸河和珠江流域干旱范围趋于扩大,降水可能减少,长江流域和西南诸河流域变化不明显。  相似文献   

使用MODIS陆地产品LST和NDVI监测中国中、西部干旱   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

田辉  马耀明  胡晓  陆登荣  马伟强  李茂善  孙方林 《高原气象》2007,26(5):1086-1096

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪AQUA-MODIS卫星资料反演的地表温度LST和归一化差值植被指数NDVI,在中国中、西部地区应用植被温度混合状态指数VTCI方法,遥感监测干旱的空间分布状况。同时结合该地区有代表性的气象站逐月降水资料与VTCI指数进行相关分析,来验证此方法的适用性。结果表明,VTCI指数不仅与当月的降水量,也与其前期2至6个月的累积降水量有较好的线性相关性,显示VTCI方法不仅是较为有效的近实时大范围干旱监测方法,对于干旱的缓慢发展过程也有一定指示作用。  相似文献   

The thermodynamic structure atop a penetrating convective thunderstorm     

Pao K. Wang   《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):254-262

The thermodynamic structure on top of a numerically simulated severe storm is examined to explain the satellite observed plume formation above thunderstorm anvils. The same mechanism also explains the formation of jumping cirrus observed by Fujita on board of a research aircraft. A three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic cloud model is used to perform numerical simulation of a supercell that occurred in Montana in 1981. Analysis of the model results shows that both the plume and the jumping cirrus phenomena are produced by the high instability and breaking of the gravity waves excited by the strong convection inside the storm. These mechanisms dramatically enhance the turbulent diffusion process and cause some moisture to detach from the storm cloud and jump into the stratosphere. The thermodynamic structure in terms of the potential temperature isotherms above the simulated thunderstorm is examined to reveal the instability and wave breaking structure. The plumes and jumping cirrus phenomena represent an irreversible transport mechanism of materials from the troposphere to the stratosphere that may have global climatic implications.  相似文献   

Prolonged Dry Episodes over North America: New Tendencies Emerging During the Last 40 Years     

Pavel Ya. Groisman Richard W. Knight 《地球科学进展》2007,22(11):1191-1207

A disproportionate increase in precipitation coming from intense rain events, in the situation of general warming (thus, an extension of the vegetation period with intensive transpiration) and an insignificant change in total precipitation could lead to an increase in the frequency of potentially serious type of extreme events: prolonged periods without precipitation (even when the mean seasonal rainfall totals increase). This paper investigates whether this development is already occurring during the past several decades over North America south of 55°N, for the same period when changes in frequency of intense precipitation events are being observed. Lengthy strings of “dry” days without sizeable (>1.0 mm) precipitation were assessed only during the warm season (defined as a period when mean daily temperature is above the 5℃ threshold) when water is intensively used for transpiration and prolonged periods without sizable rainfall represent a hazard for terrestrial ecosystem's health and agriculture. During the past four decades, the mean duration of prolonged dry episodes (20 days or longer in southeastern Canada, 1 month or longer in the Eastern United States and along the Gulf Coast of Mexico and 2 months or longer in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico) has significantly increased. As a consequence, the return period of 1 month long dry episodes over the Eastern U.S. has been reduced more than twofold from 15 to 6~7 years. The longer average duration of dry episodes has occurred during a relatively wet period around most of the continent south of 55°N but is not observed over the Northwestern U.S. and adjacent regions of Southern Canada.   相似文献   

Constructing temporal and spatial water vapor figures by GPS remote sensing along slant rays     

MAO Hui    MAO JieTai  BI YanMeng  LI ChengCai? & LIU XiaoYang Department of Atmospheric Sciences  School of Physics  Peking University  Beijing  China  Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau  Shenzhen  China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(2):296-305

A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver can generally track 5-7 rays from GPS satellites at any moment, and water vapor along these ray paths (slant-path water vapor, SWV) may be retrieved using the methods developed in recent years. This paper suggests two new parameters-absolute vertical SWV (VSWV) and relative VSWV derived from SWV, and their temporal and spatial figures can reflect the heterogeneous distribution and variation of water vapor field. This approach has been applied to the weather diagnoses in a severe storm event in Beijing during July 2004, and it is concluded that the temporal and spatial figures of absolute VSWV and relative VSWV can be useful in monitoring the evolution of water vapor field and be potential in better understanding the precipitation process.  相似文献