An Overview of Surface-Based Precipitation Observations at Environment and Climate Change Canada     

Eva Mekis  Norman Donaldson  Janti Reid  Alex Zucconi  Jeffery Hoover  Qian Li 《大气与海洋》2018,56(2):71-95

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the present status and procedures related to surface precipitation observations at Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). This work was done to support the ongoing renewal of observation systems and networks at the Meteorological Service of Canada. The paper focusses on selected parameters, namely, accumulated precipitation, precipitation intensity, precipitation type, rainfall, snowfall, and radar reflectivity. Application-specific user needs and requirements are defined and captured by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Expert Teams at the international level by Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review (OSCAR) and WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), and by ECCC user engagement initiatives within the Canadian context. The precipitation-related networks of ECCC are separated into those containing automatic instruments, those with human (manual) observers, and the radar network. The unique characteristics and data flow for each of these networks, the instrument and installation characteristics, processing steps, and limitations from observation to data distribution and storage are provided. A summary of precipitation instrument-dependent algorithms that are used in ECCC's Data Management System is provided. One outcome of the analysis is the identification of gaps in spatial coverage and data quality that are required to meet user needs. Increased availability of data, including from long-serving manual sites, and an increase in the availability of precipitation type and snowfall amount are identified as improvements that would benefit many users. Other recognized improvements for in situ networks include standardized network procedures, instrument performance adjustments, and improved and sustained access to data and metadata from internal and external networks. Specific to radar, a number of items are recognized that can improve quantitative precipitation estimates. Increased coverage for the radar network and improved methods for assessing and portraying radar data quality would benefit precipitation users.  相似文献   

2014年8月南京青奥会开幕式人工减雨作业回波分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

倪思聪  魏鸣 《气象科学》2018,38(1):104-112

为评估重大赛事活动场馆的人工减雨作业效果,利用南京信息工程大学C波段双偏振多普勒雷达（C-Pol NUIST）资料、探空及地面降水等资料,对2014年8月16日南京青奥会开幕式人工减雨作业效果进行分析。用交叉相关法TREC （Tracking Radar Echoes by Correlation）追踪回波单体,统计作业点上下游的回波强度比值的变化,分析了反射率因子、径向速度、回波顶高（ET）、差分反射率因子Z_dr和相关系数ρ_hv的回波特征以及风矢位温（V-3θ）图表示的大气结构特征。研究表明,在减雨目标区的目标时段,回波强度和回波顶高均呈减弱趋势,减雨作业在播撒催化剂间歇时段和作业后会导致更显著的短时强降水。研究结果为回波产品评估人工减雨的最佳作业时间、作业部位和作业效果提供决策依据。  相似文献   

广东两次台风龙卷的环境背景和雷达回波对比   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

黄先香  俞小鼎  炎利军  李兆明  李彩玲 《应用气象学报》2018,29(1):70-83

利用常规气象观测、广州多普勒天气雷达及NCEP/NCAR再分析等资料对比广东省佛山市2015年10月4日EF3级和2006年8月4日EF2级台风外围强龙卷过程。结果表明:两次强龙卷都发生在登陆台风的东北象限,低层辐合、高层辐散及中低空强劲东南急流在珠江三角洲叠加是其产生的相似环境背景。环境参数均表现为较小的对流有效位能、低的对流抑制与抬升凝结高度、强的垂直风切变和大的风暴相对螺旋度。两个龙卷母体均为微型超级单体,前者雷达回波强度更强,钩状回波特征更明显;都存在强中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征（TVS）,中气旋都在中低层形成后,向更低层发展最终导致龙卷。TVS比龙卷触地提前1个体扫出现,或与龙卷触地同时发生,中气旋和TVS的底高和顶高均很低。但两次龙卷触地前后,前者中气旋和TVS的底高和顶高出现突降现象,而后者中气旋和TVS的底高和顶高一直维持较低高度。龙卷触地前后,两者风暴单体的最强切变均出现剧增现象,但前者TVS的最强切变更强,比后者大1倍以上。  相似文献   

Convective Storm VIL and Lightning Nowcasting Using Satellite and Weather Radar Measurements Based on Multi-Task Learning Models     

Yang LI  Yubao LIU  Rongfu SUN  Fengxia GUO  Xiaofeng XU  Haixiang XU 《大气科学进展》2023,40(5):887-899

Convective storms and lightning are among the most important weather phenomena that are challenging to forecast. In this study, a novel multi-task learning(MTL) encoder-decoder U-net neural network was developed to forecast convective storms and lightning with lead times for up to 90 min, using GOES-16 geostationary satellite infrared brightness temperatures(IRBTs), lightning flashes from Geostationary Lightning Mapper(GLM), and vertically integrated liquid(VIL)from Next Generation Weather Radar...  相似文献   

内蒙古一次强龙卷天气的中尺度特征分析     

王学强  李晓坤  李林惠  苏亮  孙岳飞  张桂莲  姜学恭 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2023,17(4):125-131

本文利用新一代多普勒天气雷达资料、逐5分钟自动站资料、常规观测和NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料等,对2021年6月25日发生在内蒙古太仆寺旗的一次强龙卷过程进行分析研究。结果表明,龙卷发生在前倾槽背景下,出现在低层的西南气流当中。龙卷发生的环境场特征为上干冷下暖湿的不稳定大气层结;地面辐合线及干线为强对流提供了触发条件;低抬升凝结高度、强低层垂直风切变和大的对流有效位能为龙卷提供了有利条件。此次龙卷过程由多个超级单体风暴相互作用造成的,雷达回波资料分析显示超级单体出现明显的钩状回波,“V”型缺口,回波悬垂、旁瓣回波的特征,雷达距离龙卷发生地超过100 km,未识别出龙卷涡旋特征,但识别出了中气旋,中气旋最大转动速度达到了15 m/s,为弱到中等中气旋;龙卷发生前基于单体的垂直累积液态水和最大反射率回波顶高有明显的跃增。  相似文献   

基于多源探测资料的一次广州局地强对流垂直结构分析     

曾琳  张羽  李怀宇  李浩文  高美谭  梁之彦 《热带气象学报》2023,(3):348-360

基于X波段相控阵雷达、S波段双偏振雷达、微波辐射计、风廓线雷达、毫米波云雷达等多源高时空分辨率新型遥感探测资料,对广州后汛期一次局地强对流过程的大气热力、动力及云物理结构变化特征进行了综合分析。结果表明：(1)强对流前8小时前,局地LI、CAPE、SI等对流参数就达到并远远超过了短时强降水的阈值;临近降水大气层结仍向不稳定发展,水汽条件向有利的方向发展;(2)午后局地风形成辐合,上升气流加强,近地层出现弱垂直风切变和低空急流脉动,对强对流的发生发展有一定的指示意义;(3) CINRAD/SA-D雷达CR、DBZM HT、TOPS、VIL等变化与强降水和地面大风的发展有很好的对应关系,同时低层风场观测到阵风锋特征;XPAR-D雷达更高时空分辨率的探测可清晰显示对流发展旺盛阶段的Z_DR弧、K_DP柱、Z_DR柱、V型缺口等特征,为判断雷暴云团的发展程度和预警提供重要信息。  相似文献   

Comparison of Microphysical Characteristics of Warm-sector, Frontal and Shearline Heavy Rainfall During the Pre-summer Rainy Season in South China     

夏丰  刘显通  胡胜  黎慧琦  饶晓娜  林青  肖辉  冯璐  赖睿泽 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2023,29(2):204-215

Warm-sector heavy rainfall (WR), shear-line heavy rainfall (SR), and frontal heavy rainfall (FR) are three types of rainfall that frequently occur during the pre-summer rainy season in south China. In this research, we investigated the differences in microphysical characteristics of heavy rainfall events during the period of 10-15 May 2022 based on the combined observations from 11 S-band polarimetric radars in south China. The conclusions are as follows: (1) WR has the highest radar echo top height, the strongest radar echo at all altitudes, the highest lightning density, and the most active ice-phase process, which suggests that the convection is the most vigorous in the WR, moderate in the FR, and the weakest in the SR. (2) Three types of rainfall are all marine-type precipitation, the massweighted mean diameter (Dm, mm) and the intercept parameter (Nw, mm-1 m-3 ) of the raindrops in the WR are the largest. (3) The WR possesses the highest proportion of graupel compared with the FR and SR, and stronger updrafts and more abundant water vapor supply may lead to larger raindrops during the melting and collision-coalescence processes. (4) Over all the heights, liquid and ice water content in the WR are higher than those in the SR and FR, the ratio of ice to liquid water content in the WR is as high as 27% when ZH exceeds 50 dBZ, definitely higher than that in the SR and FR, indicating that the active ice-phase process existing in the WR is conducive to the formation of heavy rainfall.  相似文献   

基于微雨雷达的降水参数反演和粒子相态识别     

王洪  杨洁帆  龚佃利  王俊  张佃国  孙莎莎  陈澍 《大气科学》2023,(3):739-755

本文基于微雨雷达原始的后向散射信号,采用一种新的功率谱处理算法（RaProM算法）,在功率谱计算、噪声去除、退模糊等处理的基础上计算了雷达基本参量,并反演了液态降水参数,例如雷达反射率因子、雨强等,并对粒子相态进行识别。RaProM算法综合考虑粒子下落速度、等效雷达反射率因子、不同相态粒子的尺度特征以及是零度层亮带位置等信息,可识别的粒子相态包括雪、毛毛雨、雨、冰雹以及混合相态。选取了三个山东地区较为典型的个例对RaProM反演算法进行验证,即2021年7月2日典型层状云降水个例、2019年12月25日雨雪转换个例以及2018年3月4日零度层高度逐渐降低的降水个例。结果显示：粒子识别方法应用于典型层状云降水,垂直方向上不同相态粒子的分层较为明显,过冷层里的固态降水雪花、零度层附近冰水转换区的混合相态降水以及零度层以下的液态降水符合现有认识,验证了反演算法以及粒子识别算法的有效性。将结果进一步在雨雪转换降水相态识别中和零度层高度的检测,该反演算法均能得到较好应用,与同址同步观测的微波辐射计、云雷达、二维视频雨滴谱仪等观测结论一致。另外,与微雨雷达标准反演算法对比,RaProM算法的优势是...  相似文献   

面向业务应用的上海地区毫米波云雷达观测质量评估          下载免费PDF全文

彭杰  王晓峰  傅新姝  罗双  张燕燕  陶法  薛昊  欧建军 《大气科学学报》2023,46(3):466-480

基于宝山国家基本气象站部署的毫米波云雷达2019年的观测数据,辅以激光雨滴谱、微雨雷达、探空资料、风云四号卫星产品、地面雨量计等多元观测数据,从探测稳定性、探测能力、基数据和产品数据探测合理性等方面开展了毫米波云雷达观测质量评估。结果表明:毫米波云雷达在试验期间仅出现单次软件故障,且基数据全年获取率高于95％,探测稳定性较好;毫米波云雷达各高度最小可测回波强度位于-40～-20 dBZ,并随高度呈现出与理论相符的指数递减;9 km高度以下最小回波强度变化小于2 dB,最小回波探测能力稳定性较高,在降水率达到4～5 mm/h时,毫米波云雷达会出现强衰减导致的虚假晴空区。虽然多部毫米波云雷达的基数据存在差异,但与地面雨滴谱计算回波强度和微型雨雷达观测回波强度具有一致的垂直分布及时间演变特征。毫米波云雷达探测云顶云底高度与探空资料估算云顶云底高度、风云四号卫星反演云顶高度具有一定的一致性。拼接缝和距离旁瓣虚假回波是较为直观且能够对业务化应用产生直接影响的问题。  相似文献   

秦皇岛地区雨滴谱仪和雷达探测的反射率因子差异分析研究     

王莎  吴林林  宋金妹  杜建双  魏安琪 《气象科学》2023,43(1):135-142

利用布设在秦皇岛市抚宁地区的OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪和卢龙地区S波段天气雷达,对2017—2019年4—9月共23次降水过程进行了观测,并分析了基于雨滴谱参数(滴谱粒子数N(D)和粒子直径大小D₀)计算的雷达反射率因子Z_D和雷达探测的雷达反射率因子Z_R的差异Z_C。结果表明,N(D)主要集中在130～530个范围内,Z_C标准差随着N(D)的增大而逐渐减少;D₀主要集中在0.8～1.6 mm范围内,Z_C标准值在D₀<1.2 mm范围内随着D₀的增大而逐渐减少,D₀在1.2～1.6 mm范围内趋于稳定;Z_D主要集中在15～40 dBZ范围内,Z_C标准差在15～35 dBZ范围内随着Z_D值增大而减小。  相似文献