Causes and underlying dynamic processes of the mid-winter suppression in the North Pacific storm track     

Yuanbing ZHAO  X.San LIANG 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2019,(5):872-890

Baroclinic wave activity in the North Pacific exhibit peaks in late fall and early spring, and a local minimum in midwinter, when by linear baroclinic instability theory it should attain its maximum. This counterintuitive phenomenon, or"midwinter suppression"(MWM) as called, is investigated with a functional analysis apparatus, multiscale window transform(MWT), and the MWT-based theory of canonical transfer and localized multi-scale energetics analysis, together with a feature tracking technique, using the data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ReAnalysis(ERA-40). It is found that the MWM results from a variety of different physical processes, including baroclinic canonical transfer, diabatic effect, energy flux divergence, and frictional dissipation. On one hand, baroclinic canonical transfer and diabatic effect achieve their respective maxima in late fall. More transient available potential energy is produced and then converted to transient kinetic energy, resulting in a stronger storm track in late fall than in midwinter. On the other hand, in early spring, although baroclinic instability and buoyancy conversion are weak, energy flux convergences are substantially strengthened, leading to a net energy inflow into the storm track. Meanwhile, frictional dissipation is greatly reduced in spring; as a result, less transient energy is dissipated in early spring than in midwinter. It is further found that the weakening of baroclinic canonical transfer in midwinter(compared to late fall) is due to the far distance between the storm and the jet stream(located at its southernmost point), which suppresses the interaction between them. Regarding the increase in energy flux convergence in early spring, it appears to originate from the increase(enhancement) in the number(strength) of storms from the upstream into the Pacific.  相似文献   

风垂直切变对大气静力适应过程的影响——第三部分:能量转换          下载免费PDF全文

郭海龙  刘宇迪  崔新东 《地球物理学报》2020,63(8):2859-2869

基于前两部分的研究,第三部分从能量转换的角度揭示了风垂直切变对大气静力适应过程的影响.研究显示,对非静态等温大气,初始时刻加以有效势能和有效弹性势能的强迫后,风垂直切变改变了适应过程中扰动能量在各能量形式中的分配比例,这种作用随扰动尺度和时间的变化有显著差异,系统尺度越小影响越显著.比较东风急流模型和西风急流模型显示,负的风切变应力使得四类扰动能量谱随系统尺度的变化趋于平缓,使得微尺度和小尺度(中尺度)系统中扰动垂直动能(扰动水平动能)的比例随时间减小,正的风切变使得扰动能量谱随系统尺度的变化显现跳跃的特征,使得中尺度(微尺度和小尺度)系统中扰动垂直动能(扰动水平动能)的比例随时间减小.风垂直切变引起的动量通量输送是扰动能量与基本气流能量之间交换的通道,当风切变应力和动量输送方向相同时,风垂直切变使得能量向基本态转移,维持基本气流,削弱扰动能量,缩短静力适应过程的周期;当风切变应力和动量输送方向相反时,风垂直切变作用相反;此作用随着扰动尺度的变化差异明显.  相似文献   

基于稳定度和能量指标作强对流天气的短时预报指标分析   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  

周后福  邱明燕  张爱民  翟菁 《高原气象》2006,25(4):716-722

主要基于1995—2001年强对流天气过程和高空探测资料,计算了K指数、A指数、位势不稳定指标以及能量平衡高度、位势不稳定能量等指标,并进行量化检验和预报指标的对比。结果表明:(1)A指数、K指数的数值大小对于强对流天气的预报具有一定效果。(2)位势不稳定指标I在安徽南方应用比北方的预报效果好,安徽南北方I的临界值有差异,北方I的临界值小,南方I的临界值大。(3)逐年的能量平衡高度和位势不稳定能量都可以分为两个阶段,第一阶段能量平衡高度高于350 hPa且处于极值是强对流天气预报的重要指标。总温度较高、饱和总温度较高、位势不稳定能量较高时,能量平衡高度较高;反之,能量平衡高度较低。这种对应关系可以通过α=0.01的显著性水平检验。(4)强对流天气过程期间,能量平衡高度较高。随着位势不稳定能量的增大,出现强对流天气的可能性也增大。  相似文献   

光周期对罗氏沼虾幼体生长及能量收支的影响   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

林小涛  杞桑  曹双俊  黄长江 《海洋与湖沼》1998,29(2):119-127

于１９９５年２－５月,在Ｌ：Ｄ为４：２０,８：１６,１２：１２和２４：０四种光周期条件下,用卤虫无节幼体作饵料增减罗氏沼虾幼体,测定其生长能量收支。结果表明,随着光照时间的延长幼体生长率增大,两者关系为：ｇ＝６．５２４５＋３．６０４５ｌｎＴ,但周期对幼体Ｃ,Ｎ含量和Ｃ：Ｎ值没有显著的影响;  相似文献   

真鲷能量收支和氮与碳收支的初步研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

李军  徐长安  徐世宏  马道远  肖志忠 《海洋科学》1998,22(2):46-48

以真鲷 (起始体重 :1 1 .5～ 1 4.8g)为实验对象 ,在平均水温 2 4.5 7℃下 ,进行饱食状态下的真鲷幼鱼摄食 -生长实验 ,饵料为玉筋鱼 ;对其摄食量、生长及粪便进行直接测定 ,对能量收支、氮和碳收支各组份进行估计和计算。结果表明 ,真鲷幼鱼的能量分配对策是 ,需较多的能量维持其代谢需求 ,同时 ,有较多的氮和碳随代谢产物排出体外 ,从而导致较低的能量生长及物质生长。  相似文献   

基于BP神经网络的摇臂式波浪发电平台取能效率预测          下载免费PDF全文

陈丽雪  李德堂  华军  赖文斌  申宏群 《海洋开发与管理》2020,37(3):80-84

取能效率是衡量波浪发电装置设计合理与否的重要参考标准。文章首先介绍了摇臂式波浪发电平台,接着对BP神经网络的原理和算法进行了描述,最后以水池试验过程中收集的数据为样本数据,在Matlab平台上运用BP神经网络对实海况下摇臂式波浪发电平台的取能效率作了仿真预测。仿真结果表明：实海况下摇臂式波浪发电平台的取能效率达到了预期目标,进一步说明BP神经网络成功训练出可靠的网络,在此基础上预测的数据具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

NiSO4溶液的DFT和EXAFS研究     

刘红艳  周永全  朱发岩  王广国  房春晖  房艳  张文倩  韩丽 《盐湖研究》2019,27(1)

由密度泛函理论(DFT)和扩展X-射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)光谱研究硫酸镍溶液的微观水合结构。对硫酸镍水合团簇[NiSO4(H2O)n]0 (n=1-12) 的结构优化和能量计算采用DFT计算中的B3LYP方法进行。对于每一个团簇尺寸尽可能考虑所有初始构型,并以此确定能量最低结构。 DFT计算结果表明,在[NiSO4(H2O)n]0团簇中六配位结构的Ni2+为稳定构型. 水合能计算结果表明,当水合团簇尺寸较小时(n≤5),六配位直接接触离子对(CIP)为稳定构型;而当6≤n≤10时, 溶剂共享离子对 (SSIP)为稳定结构。随着团簇尺寸的增加,当n≥11时,x个水分子分割离子对 (xSIP, x是Ni2+和SO42-之间的水分子数目,且x≥2)为稳定构型。对 NiSO4溶液和NiSO4?6H2O进行EXAFS实验,结果证实Ni2+第一水合层是由六个水分子形成的稳定八面体结构,且当 NiSO4溶液浓度从0.70 mol/L到2.22 mol/L(近似饱和溶液)并未发现CIP构型。Ni-O距离和配位数(CN)分别是 2.040±0.020 ? 和6.0±1.0,这些结论与[NiSO4(H2O)n]0水合团簇的DFT计算结果一致。  相似文献   

Impact of the spatial resolution on the energy balance components on an open-canopy olive orchard     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2019

The recent technical improvements in the sensors used to acquire images from land surfaces has made possible to assess the performance of the energy balance models using unprecedented spatial resolutions. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the response of the different energy balance components obtained from METRIC model as a function of the input pixel size. Very high spatial resolution airborne images (≈50 cm) on three dates over olive orchards were used to aggregate different spatial resolutions, ranging from 5 m to 1 km. This study represents the first time that METRIC model has been run with such high spatial resolution imagery in heterogeneous agricultural systems, evaluating the effects caused by its aggregation into coarser pixel sizes. Net radiation and soil heat flux showed a near insensitive behavior to spatial resolution changes, reflecting that the emissivity and albedo respond linearly to pixel aggregation. However, greater discrepancies were obtained for sensible (up to 17%) and latent (up to 23%) heat fluxes at spatial resolutions coarser than 30 × 30 m due to the aggregation of non-linear components, and to the inclusion of non-agricultural areas in such aggregation. Results obtained confirm the good performance of METRIC model when used with high spatial resolution imagery, whereas they warn of some major errors in crop evapotranspiration estimation when medium or large scales are used.  相似文献   

Evaluation of ICA and CEM algorithms with Landsat-8/ASTER data for geological mapping in inaccessible regions     

Amin Beiranvand Pour  Yongcheol Park  Tae-Yoon S. Park  Jong Kuk Hong  Mazlan Hashim  Jusun Woo 《国际地球制图》2019,34(7):785-816

Many regions remain poorly studied in terms of geological mapping and mineral exploration in inaccessible regions especially in the Arctic and Antarctica due to harsh conditions and logistic difficulties. Application of specialized image processing techniques is capable of revealing the hidden linear mixing spectra in multispectral and hyperspectral satellite images. In this study, the applications of Independent component analysis (ICA) and Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM) algorithms were evaluated for Landsat-8 and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) remote sensing data for geological mapping in Morozumi Range and Helliwell Hills areas, Northern Victoria Land (NVL), Antarctica. The results of this investigation demonstrate the capability of the two algorithms in distinguishing pixel and subpixel targets in the multispectral satellite data. The application of the methods for identifying poorly exposed geologic materials and subpixel exposures of alteration minerals has invaluable implications for geological mapping and mineral exploration in inaccessible regions.  相似文献   

Performance of the Tibet hybrid experiment (YAC-II + Tibet-III + MD) to measure the energy spectra of the light primary cosmic rays at energies 50–10,000 TeV     

《Astroparticle Physics》2015

A new hybrid detector system has been constructed by the Tibet ASγ collaboration at Tibet, China, since 2014 to measure the chemical composition of cosmic rays around the knee in the wide energy range. They consist of an air-shower-core detector-grid (YAC-II) to detect high energy electromagnetic component, the Tibet air-shower array (Tibet-III) and a large underground water-Cherenkov muon-detector array (MD). We have carried out a detailed air-shower Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to study the performance of the hybrid detectors by using CORSIKA (version 6.204), which includes QGSJET01c and SIBYLL2.1 hadronic interaction models. Assumed primary cosmic ray models are based on helium poor, helium rich and Gaisser’s fit compositions around the knee. All detector responses are calculated using Geant4 (version 9.5) according to the real detector configurations and the MC events are reconstructed by the same procedure as the experimental data analysis. The energy determination is made by lateral density fitting (LDF) method using modified NKG function and the separation of the light components (proton, helium) is made by means of the artificial neural network (ANN) method and the random forest (RF) method. The systematic errors of the spectra of proton and helium caused by each steps of the analysis procedure are investigated including the dependence of the MC data on the hadronic interaction models and the primary composition models, and the algorithms for the primary mass identification. The systematic errors of the flux to be obtained by the new experiment are summarized as less than 30% in total. Our results show that the new hybrid experiment is powerful enough to study the chemical composition of the cosmic rays, in particular, to obtain the light-component spectra of the primary cosmic rays in 50–10,000 TeV energy range overlapping to the direct observation data at low energy side and ground-based indirect observations at high energy side. It is possible in this energy range to find the break points of the power indices of proton and helium (the knee of individual component spectrum) which are basically important parameter for the study of the cosmic-ray origin.  相似文献