巢湖湿地生态系统能值分析     

司红君  张平究  包先明  付伟  刘文静  李云飞  王娅娅 《湿地科学与管理》2014,(4):51-56

基于生态系统能值理论与方法,分析巢湖湿地生态系统能值投入和产出构成特征,并对巢湖湿地生态系统可持续发展水平进行了评价。研究表明:巢湖湿地生态系统每年投入的总能值为3590.12×1018sej,自然资源、周围营养物和社会经济投入分别占39.3%、53.7%和7.0%,可更新资源和不可更新资源投入分别占25.6%和74.4%。巢湖湿地生态系统每年产出的总能值为3469.66×1018sej,其中鱼类产出比重最大,其次为水禽和底栖动物。巢湖湿地生物多样性保护的能量-货币价值是巢湖湿地生态系统年产出的1.76倍,在生物多样性保护方面有着巨大的作用。巢湖湿地生态系统的能值产出率、环境负载率、能值可持续指标(ESI)和可持续发展能值指标(EISD)分别为13.75、2.90、4.74和7.01,去除污染项重新计算,分别为13.75、0.81、17.07和25.27,这些指标表明巢湖湿地生态系统的产业较为单一,能值产出率、可持续性和未来竞争力较高,但不可更新的污染物投入过大,造成巢湖湿地生态系统的环境负载率升高,可持续性发展水平下降,严重制约巢湖湿地生态系统的可持续发展水平。  相似文献   

Anatomizing the Ocean’s Role in Maintaining the Pacific Decadal Variability     

Jia-Yuh  YU  and Cheng-Wei  CHANG 《大气科学进展》2014,31(3):611-623

ABSTRACT The role of ocean dynamics in maintaining the Pacific Decadal Variability （PDV） was investigated based on simulation results from the Parallel Ocean Program （POP） ocean general circulation model developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory （LANL）. A long-term control simulation of the LANL-POP model forced by a reconstructed coupled wind stress field over the period 1949-2001 showed that the ocean model not only simulates a reasonable climatology, but also produces a climate variability pattem very similar to observed PDV. In the Equatorial Pacific （EP） region, the decadal warming is confined in the thin surface layer. Beneath the surface, a strong compensating cooling, accompanied by a basin-wide-scale overturning circulation in opposition to the mean flow, occurs in the thermocline layer. In the North Pacific （NP） region, the decadal variability nonetheless exhibits a relatively monotonous pattern, characterized by the dominance of anomalous cooling and eastward flows. A term balance analysis of the perturbation heat budget equation was conducted to highlight the ocean＇s role in main- taining the PDV-like variability over the EP and NP regions. The analyses showed that strong oceanic adjustment must occur in the equatorial thermocline in association with the anomalous overturning circulation in order to maintain the PDV-like variability, including a flattening of the equatorial thermocline slpoe and an enhancement of the upper ocean＇s stratification （stability）, as the climate shifts from a colder regime toward a warmer one. On the other hand, the oceanic response in the extratropical region seems to be confined to the surface layer, without much participation from the subsurface oceanic dynamics.  相似文献   

一次梅雨期台风远距离暴雨的分析研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

王宏伟  方娟 《气象科学》2014,34(6):601-611

用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、MICAPS系统地面站资料、TRMM卫星降水资料以及自动站雨量资料分析了2011年梅雨后期发生在江苏省南京市的一次暴雨过程。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在中高层高空深槽前部、低空切变线附近、低层低涡和地面低压的东北部,是西风带低值系统及其引导的低层低涡与西进北上的"马鞍"台风共同作用产生的。925 h Pa上中国东南沿海位于低层低涡东北部的东南偏东气流影响下,将来自于西太平洋的水汽源源不断向暴雨区输送,为暴雨的发生提供了良好的水汽条件。不仅如此,此东南偏东气流还使得华南和东南沿海地区暖平流明显。低层暖平流输送伴随的小幅增温和水汽输送导致的湿度层增厚,导致南京附近大气层结不稳定是暴雨发生的热力环境。随着"马鞍"台风的西进北上,其北侧副高中的干空气逐渐被卷至中国东南沿海附近,与大陆上的暖湿气流形成明显对比,形成了一条明显的能量锋。与此同时,在长江中游地区,残余的梅雨锋也表现为一条能量锋,两条能量锋在南京附近相接,造成明显的上升运动,从而触发了暴雨的发生。  相似文献   

长江口3 种贝类碳、氮收支的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吕昊泽  刘健  陈锦辉  沈和定  吴杨平 《海洋科学》2014,38(6):37-42

以春季长江口缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)和光滑河兰蛤(Potamocorbula laevis)为研究对象,研究了此3种滤食性贝类的摄食生理参数,并根据能量平衡原理估算了3种双壳贝类的碳、氮收支情况。结果表明,(1)3种双壳贝类从滤食藻类中摄取的有机碳源主要通过呼吸代谢消耗、以粪便的形式排出,少部分随排泄代谢产物流出,余下的碳主要用作贝类自身的生长。缢蛏的碳收支方程式为100.00C(摄食碳)=20.17F(粪便碳)+50.05R(呼吸碳)+9.86U(排泄碳)+19.92P(生长碳),河蚬的碳收支方程式为100.00C=31.29F+37.40R+5.05U+26.26P,光滑河兰蛤的碳收支方程式为100.00C=44.13F+33.08R+11.05U+11.74P。(2)由于贝类在呼吸代谢中没有氮排放,故3种贝类的生长氮占总摄食氮的比例较碳大。因此,缢蛏氮收支方程式为100.00C(摄食氮)=28.22F(粪便氮)+49.38U(排泄氮)+22.40G(生长氮),河蚬的氮收支方程式为100.00C=45.05F+23.99U+30.96G,光滑河兰蛤的氮收支方程式为100.00C=46.97F+32.95U+20.08G。  相似文献   

ETWatch中的参数标定方法   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

熊隽  吴炳方  柳树福  闫娜娜  吴方明 《遥感学报》2011,15(2):240-254

使用遥感手段估算区域范围的蒸散量一直是热红外定量遥感的研究热点。ETWatch是用于流域蒸散遥感监测、针对遥感应用而设计的集成框架。方法集成了具有不同应用优势的遥感蒸散模型,并以Penman-Monteith方法为基础建立时间扩展方法,利用气象数据与晴好日的通量遥感估算结果,获得逐日连续的蒸散分布图。所生成的从流域级到地块级的数据产品能动态反映区域蒸散发的时空变化规律。为深入了解遥感蒸散量估算中的不确定因素,本文将其通量计算过程分为地表参数获取(以地表温度为主)、日净辐射、蒸发比等环节与地面数据进行对比和逐项的标定。并分别采用地表阻抗扩展法和蒸发比不变法进行了时间插补的对比研究。利用站点地面观测资料对蒸散遥感监测产品的验证表明,在全年内模型蒸发比结果与实测的时段平均蒸发比的相关系数可达到0.7左右,在更长的时间尺度上(月、季、年)平均百分比误差可以减小到10％以下。  相似文献   

基于TGO软件的GPS网同步环及异步环提取     

白铁勇  余代俊  付崇江 《测绘科学》2011,36(3):102-103,113

美国Trimble Geomatics Office(TGO)GPS数据处理软件被测绘工作者广泛使用,但因其对环闭合差的检核是用水平分量和垂直分量表达,不能按我国GPS规范,分别对同步环及异步环以三维坐标分量方式检验环闭合差,而给使用带来极大不便。本文提出利用TGO的环闭合差报告和数据交换文件中的有关信息解决此难题,用VB编写成TGO辅助程序加以实现,并与不同的软件进行比较分析,说明该程序可以应用于工程实践中。  相似文献   

‘Energy security’ and ‘climate change’: Constructing UK energy discursive realities     

T. Rogers-Hayden  F. Hatton  I. Lorenzoni 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(1):134-142

Recently, in the United Kingdom, two issues have dominated the energy policy agenda: effective climate change mitigation and energy security. Whilst evolving government policy has led to government support for new build nuclear power as part of the nation's future energy mix, limited attention has been devoted to examining how arguments were constructed to lead ‘naturally’ to nuclear new build as an option for addressing these two issues. Using Critical Discourse Analysis this paper analyses the struggles within the climate change mitigation and energy security discourses in generating and/or replacing meanings. In particular, it examines how construction of the dominant (hegemonic) discourses led ‘naturally’ to the necessity of new build nuclear power. This paper draws upon 24 stakeholder interviews to examine the hegemonic and counter-hegemonic discourses. It outlines how climate change and energy security were perceived as motivators for energy policy; it shows how the combination of the dominant construction of climate change as an environmental issue and the construction of energy security as a ‘gas gap’ lent weight to the argument for nuclear new build. Struggling against these discourses is a counter-hegemonic discourse centred around climate change as a symptom of unsustainability and energy security as a lack of energy diversity. The latter, rather than ‘naturally’ proposing an urgent need for nuclear new build, lead to the argument for readdressing the focus of, and use of resources by, society - reducing energy demand and increasing energy supply diversity.  相似文献   

The political economy of technology support: Making decisions about carbon capture and storage and low carbon energy technologies   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Asbjørn Torvanger  James Meadowcroft 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(2):303-312

This article reviews the political economy of government choice around technology support for the development and deployment of low carbon emission energy technologies, such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). It is concerned with how governments should allocate limited economic resources across abatement alternatives. In particular, it explores two inter-related questions. First, should government support focus on a narrow range of options or be distributed across many potential alternatives? Second, what criteria should be considered when determining which specific technologies to support? It presents a simple economic model with experience curves for CCS and renewable energy technologies to explore the lowest cost alternatives for meeting an emission abatement objective. It then explores a variety of economic and political factors that must be considered when governments make decisions about technology support.  相似文献   

China's ascent and Africa's environment     

Arthur P.J. Mol 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(3):785-794

China's unprecedented economic growth path over the last two decades has been paralleled by an exponential growth in the consumption of natural resources and in pollution. Initially, China mainly exploited domestic resources to fuel its rapid industrial development. But over the last decade, increasing shares of China's natural resources consumption and environmental impacts relate to peripheral regions, including sub-Saharan Africa. China's environmental impacts in peripheral regions seem in line with World-Systems Theory predictions for ascending world powers. This paper assesses the extent to which the World-Systems Theory idea of ‘environmentally unequal exchange’ between ascending world powers and peripheral economies reflects current behaviour of Chinese governmental authorities and companies in sub-Saharan Africa. It concludes that the theory only partly does so. Behaviour of Chinese governmental authorities and firms is conditioned and guided by environmental norms, as well. World-Systems Theory has to make conceptual space for such new environmental behaviour of ascending world powers, to understand the contemporary and future world-systems. At the same time, China has a long way to go before becoming the ‘green’ exemplar for the world to follow.  相似文献   

安徽省寿县农田能量平衡评价   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

田红  伍琼  童应祥 《应用气象学报》2011,22(3):356-361

为了评估安徽省寿县国家气候观象台新增的近地层通量观测系统业务运行状况,利用2007年9月—2008年8月寿县近地层通量系统观测资料,分析了农田下垫面能量平衡情况。结果表明:全年能量平衡比率平均为0.89,但不同条件下存在差异:白天明显大于夜间,春、夏、秋季明显大于冬季,裸地和麦、稻田明显大于雪地,晴、昙、阴、雨天气情况下差异不大。总体来说,能量不平衡是通量观测中较为普遍的现象,一般认为不平衡程度在10%~30%为合理范围,寿县国家气候观象台全年的能量不平衡程度 (11%) 恰好属于这个范围,并接近不平衡程度的下限,说明涡度相关法在淮河流域农田生态系统通量观测中可靠性较高。  相似文献