A viscoelastic shear zone model of compressional and extensional plate boundaries     

Michele Dragoni  Stefano Santini  Andrea Tallarico 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1993,140(3):471-491

A model is proposed describing the mechanical evolution of a shear zone along compressional and extensional plate boundaries, subject to constant strain rate. The shear zones are assumed as viscoelastic with Maxwell rheology and with elastic and rheological parameters depending on temperature and petrology. Stress and strain are computed as functions of time and depth. For both kinds of boundaries the model reproduces the existence of a shallow seismogenic zone, characterized by a stress concentration. The thickness of the seismogenic layer is evaluated considering the variations of shear stress and frictional strength on faults embedded in the shear zone. Assuming that a fault dislocation takes place, the brittle-ductile transition is assumed to occur at the depth at which the time derivative of total shear stress changes from positive to negative values. The effects of different strain rates and geothermal gradients on the depth of the brittle-ductile transition are studied. The model predictions are consistent with values inferred from seismicity data of different boundary zones.  相似文献   

Ionospheric measurements of relative coronal brightness during the total solar eclipses of 11 August, 1999 and 9 July, 1945     

C. J. Davis  M. Lockwood  S. A. Bell  J. A. Smith  E. M. Clarke 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(2):182-190

Swept-frequency (1/10 MHz) ionosonde measurements were made at Helston, Cornwall (50°06N, 5°18W) during the total solar eclipse on August 11, 1999. Soundings were made every three minutes. We present a method for estimating the percentage of the ionising solar radiation which remains unobscured at any time during the eclipse by comparing the variation of the ionospheric E-layer with the behaviour of the layer during a control day. Application to the ionosonde date for 11 August, 1999, shows that the flux of solar ionising radiation fell to a minimum of 25±2% of the value before and after the eclipse. For comparison, the same technique was also applied to measurements made during the total solar eclipse of 9 July, 1945, at Sörmjöle (63°68N, 20°20E) and yielded a corresponding minimum of 16 ± 2%. Therefore the method can detect variations in the fraction of solar emissions that originate from the unobscured corona and chromosphere. We discuss the differences between these two eclipses in terms of the nature of the eclipse, short-term fluctuations, the sunspot cycle and the recently-discovered long-term change in the coronal magnetic field.  相似文献   

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩中超高压矿物硅尖晶石的研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

白文吉杨经绥  方青松任玉峰 戎 合施倪承  李国武马喆生 《中国地质》2006,33(6):1379-1385

从西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的罗布莎蛇绿岩的铬铁矿中，发现一个由70-80种奇异矿物组成的地幔矿物群，其中包括一种成分特殊的尖晶石类矿物。该种尖晶石呈包裹体分布在毒砂中，28粒该矿物的平均化学成分：Na2O 1.58％，MgO7．52％，Al2O3 36．59％，SiO2 44．45％，FeO 8．72％，并含少量CaO和TiO2。经激光拉曼谱仪测试，一部分颗粒具有Franclinite（锌铁尖晶石ZnFe2O4）拉曼谱。根据尖晶石结构和化学成分，可以得出两种分子式：（Mg0．52Na0．14Fe0.32Al0.74）1.72（Si2.00Al1.20）3.20O8和（Mg0.52Na0.14Fe0.32Si0.50）1.48相（Si1.50Al1.94）3．44O8。两种分子式都表明阳离子Si呈六配位占据尖晶石八面体晶格位置。Si离子呈六配位的硅酸盐。实验证明具有超高压性质，来自相当于过渡带400-670km的深部。表明西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩（古大洋岩石圈）的岩浆活动达到过渡带。可能是地幔柱活动将硅尖晶石类等超高压矿物搬运到上地幔浅部的。  相似文献   

花岗岩变形实验过程中的矿物变形与组分变异     

李化启  梁一鸿  马瑞 《世界地质》2006,25(1):95-99

为探讨应力条件下地质体的变形规律及物质组分对变形的响应,在600℃和600MPa等应变速率条件下对中粒花岗岩进行了变形实验。实验结果显示,花岗岩在实验温压范围内表现出脆-韧性转化的特征,并显现一种共轭扇式的宏观变形结构。对遭受韧性剪切变形的长石、黑云母进行的常量元素变异分析表明,动力变形可造成矿物组分的变异,且这种变异有一定的次序S;i是动力变形中最稳定的组分,SiO2的增加可能是由其他组分的减少造成的,是相对的。  相似文献   

WGS-84与地方坐标系转换参数的优化选择     

孙晓光 《测绘与空间地理信息》2007,30(2):152-154

针对GPS动态RTK测量中WGS-84与本地坐标系转换参数的选择进行研究。首先根据稳健估计方法对控制点的精度进行评定,剔除含有粗差的控制点。然后利用概率统计理论对转换参数的优化选择进行分析,确定转换参数最优值。为便于实际应用,编写了转换参数优化选择软件,并将此软件的计算结果应用到实践中,取得较好结果,为证明该方法的可行性提供可靠依据。  相似文献   

Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Belog Co area, Qiangtang, northern Tibet, China： Petrochemical evidence for partial melting of the mantle-crust transition zone     

LAI Shaocong QIN Jiangfeng LI Yongfeng LIU Xin 《中国地球化学学报》2007,26(3):305-311

Neogene volcanic rocks in the Belog Co area, Qiangtang, northern Tibet, are represented by a typical intermediate-basic and intermediate alkaline rock association, with latite-trachyte as the main rock type. The results of chemical analysis are: SiO2=52%–62%, Al2O3>15%, Na2O/K2O>1 and MgO<3.30%. In addition, the volcanic rocks are LREE-enriched with LREE/HREE=10–13, (La/Yb)N=15–19, and show a weak negative Eu anomaly with δEu=0.71–0.89. The close relationship between Mg# and SiO2 and the co-variation of the magmatophile elements and ultra-magmatophile elements such as La/Sm-La and Cr-Tb indicate that this association of volcanic rocks is the product of comagmatic fractional crystallization. The rock association type and lower Sm/Yb values (Sm/Yb=3.23–3.97) imply that this association of volcanic rocks should have originated from partial melting of spinel lherzolite in the lithospheric mantle. On the other hand, the weak negative Eu anomaly and relative depletion in Nb, Ta and Ti reflect the features of terrigenous magma. So the Neogene Belog Co alkaline volcanic rocks should be the result of partial melting of the special crust-mantle transition zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.  相似文献   

Solubility of FeO in (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ perovskite and the post-perovskite phase transition     

Shigehiko Tateno  Kei Hirose  Nagayoshi Sata  Yasuo Ohishi 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2007,160(3-4):319-325

Phase relations in Mg_0.5Fe_0.5SiO₃ and Mg_0.25Fe_0.75SiO₃ were investigated in a pressure range from 72 to 123 GPa on the basis of synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements in situ at high-pressure and -temperature in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell (LHDAC). Results demonstrate that Mg_0.5Fe_0.5SiO₃ perovskite is formed as a single phase at 85–108 GPa and 1800–2330 K, indicating a high solubility of FeO in (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ perovskite at high pressures. Post-perovskite appears coexisting with perovskite in Mg_0.5Fe_0.5SiO₃ above 106 GPa at 1410 K, the condition very close to the post-perovskite phase transition boundary in pure MgSiO₃. The coexistence of perovskite and post-perovskite was observed to 123 GPa. In addition, post-perovskite was formed coexisting with perovskite also in Mg_0.25Fe_0.75SiO₃ bulk composition at 106–123 GPa. In contrast to earlier experimental and theoretical studies, these results show that incorporation of FeO stabilizes perovskite at higher pressures. This could be due to a larger ionic radius of Fe²⁺ ion, which is incompatible with a small Mg²⁺ site in the post-perovskite phase.  相似文献   

一种新的地球物理反演方法——模拟原子跃迁反演法   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：12       下载免费PDF全文

师学明  王家映  易远元  苑新喜  王晓明  张云姝 《地球物理学报》2007,50(1):305-312

详细研究了一般地球物理反问题的迭代优化求解过程与物理学中原子跃迁过程的对应关系，建立了反演问题中模型空间、初始模型、局部极值模型、最优化模型等与原子的态空间、定态、激发态、基态等的对应关系. 在此基础上，模拟了物理学中原子从激发态向基态跃迁的物理过程，建立了一种与原子跃迁过程相对应的非线性随机跃迁数学模型和模型解跃迁搜索准则，导出了适用于一般地球物理资料的模拟原子跃迁的非线性反演算法. 用理论测试函数对这种新的反演方法进行了数值试验，结果表明该方法具有解不依赖于初始模型、收敛速度快等优点.  相似文献   

登陆台风变性发展与消亡的对比分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

韩桂荣  唐晓文  魏建苏 《气象科学》2007,27(1):35-41

本文对0421(海马)和0311(环高)台风登陆后不同的演变过程进行了对比分析。分析表明,虽然两次台风登陆的时间和路径都很相似,但是由于环境场的形势的不同,特别是北方冷空气情况的不同,一个变性发展成为温带气旋,给江苏地区带来了大面积的降水,另一个直接减弱消失,仅在登陆点附近产生了一些降水。通过讨论锋生函数各项的性质和计算其主要项的分布特征,对变性过程进行了研究,发现台风变性初期其锋生函数中变形项起主要作用。锋生结果造成强烈的辐合上升运动,引起台风暴雨的增幅。  相似文献   

Seasonal Transition Features of Large-Scale Moisture Transport in the Asian-Australian Monsoon Region   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

何金海  孙丞虎  刘芸芸  李维京 《大气科学进展》2007,24(1):1-14

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the period of 1957-2001, the climatological seasonal transition features of large-scale vertically integrated moisture transport （VIMT） in the Asian-Australian monsoon region are investigated in this paper. The basic features of the seasonal transition of VIMT from winter to summer are the establishment of the summertime ＂great moisture river＂ pattern （named the GMR pattern） and its eastward expansion, associated with a series of climatological events which occurred in some ＂key periods＂, which include the occurrence of the notable southerly VIMT over the Indochina Peninsula in mid March, the activity of the low VIMT vortex around Sri Lanka in late April, and the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon in mid May, among others. However, during the transition from summer to winter, the characteristics are mainly exhibited by the establishment of the easterly VIMT belt located in the tropical area, accompanied by some events occurring in ＂key periods＂. Further analyses disclose a great difference between the Indian and East Asian monsoon regions when viewed from the meridional migration of the westerly VIMT during the seasonal change process, according to which the Asian monsoon region can be easily divided into two parts along the western side of the Indochina Peninsula and it may also denote different formation mechanisms between the two regions.  相似文献