近40年我国极端温度变化趋势和季节特征   总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12       下载免费PDF全文

杨萍  刘伟东  王启光  熊开国  侯威 《应用气象学报》2010,21(1):29-36

利用1961—2000年我国194个测站逐日最高温度和最低温度器测资料,结合具有实际意义的季节极端温度指数,分析了我国近40年极端温度事件的年变化趋势和季节特征。对年极端气候指数的研究表明:绝对阈值定义的冷暖指数由于无法考虑南北气候差异,其结果不理想。百分比阈值所得的冷暖指数中,冷日指数和暖日指数具有不对称性,冷夜指数和暖夜指数具有较强的对称性。对季节极端温度指数研究表明:冬季极端冷指数变化趋势最为明显,夏季极端暖指数的变化趋势次之,春、秋两季极端冷指数的变化趋势不明显;年和季节尺度的极端冷暖指数均反映出增暖趋势。  相似文献   

Hydrological extremes in the Poyang Lake basin,China: changing properties,causes and impacts     

Qiang Zhang  Peng Sun  Xiaohong Chen  Tao Jiang 《水文研究》2011,25(20):3121-3130

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Changing properties of hydrological extremes in south China: natural variations or human influences?     

Qiang Zhang  Tao Jiang  Yongqin David Chen  Xiaohong Chen 《水文研究》2010,24(11):1421-1432

Extreme events are drawing increasing concerns in recent decades due to their catastrophic nature. In this case, we thoroughly analysed the statistical behaviours of hydrological extremes in the south China by taking Guangdong province as a case study because of its unshakable position in the economic development in China. Our results further corroborated the fact that the hydrological changes are the integrated consequences of various external factors, basically the human activities and climate changes. Generally, decreasing annual maximum water (AMW) level was observed mainly in the seaward regions characterized by decreasing occurrence frequency of higher AMW level. Streamflow variations are influenced mainly by precipitation changes. Increasing annual maximum streamflow (AMS) can be attributed to the increasing precipitation intensity in recent years. However, in the East River basin, hydrological regulation function of the water reservoirs greatly reduced the AMS. In the lower East River, however, downcutting river channel and notable increases in the cross‐section area caused larger magnitude of decrease in AMW level when compared to AMS. The time when the relations between AMW level and streamflow start to change matches well the time when massive in‐channel sand dredging occurred, showing tremendous influences of human activities on hydrological processes in the lower Pearl River basin. This study will be of great scientific and practical merits in better understanding the statistical behaviours of hydrological extremes under the changing environment and also help to improve human mitigation to natural hazards in south China. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

How to improve attribution of changes in drought and flood impacts     

Heidi Kreibich  Veit Blauhut  Jeroen C.J.H. Aerts  Laurens M. Bouwer  Henny A.J. Van Lanen  Alfonso Mejia 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(Z2):1-18

ABSTRACT

For the development of sustainable, efficient risk management strategies for the hydrological extremes of droughts and floods, it is essential to understand the temporal changes of impacts, and their respective causes and interactions. In particular, little is known about changes in vulnerability and their influence on drought and flood impacts. We present a fictitious dialogue between two experts, one in droughts and the other in floods, showing that the main obstacles to scientific advancement in this area are both a lack of data and a lack of commonly accepted approaches. The drought and flood experts “discuss” available data and methods and we suggest a complementary approach. This approach consists of collecting a large number of single or multiple paired-event case studies from catchments around the world, undertaking detailed analyses of changes in impacts and drivers, and carrying out a comparative analysis. The advantages of this approach are that it allows detailed context- and location-specific assessments based on the paired-event analyses, and reveals general, transferable conclusions based on the comparative analysis of various case studies. Additionally, it is quite flexible in terms of data and can accommodate differences between floods and droughts.  相似文献   

Comparative analysis of scalar upper tail indicators     

L. M. Wietzke  B. Merz  L. Gerlitz  H. Kreibich  B. Guse  A. Castellarin 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(10):1625-1639

ABSTRACT

Different upper tail indicators exist to characterize heavy tail phenomena, but no comparative study has been carried out so far. We evaluate the shape parameter (GEV), obesity index, Gini index and upper tail ratio (UTR) against a novel benchmark of tail heaviness – the surprise factor. Sensitivity analyses to sample size and changes in scale-to-location ratio are carried out in bootstrap experiments. The UTR replicates the surprise factor best but is most uncertain and only comparable between records of similar length. For samples with symmetric Lorenz curves, shape parameter, obesity and Gini indices provide consistent indications. For asymmetric Lorenz curves, however, the first two tend to overestimate, whereas Gini index tends to underestimate tail heaviness. We suggest the use of a combination of shape parameter, obesity and Gini index to characterize tail heaviness. These indicators should be supported with calculation of the Lorenz asymmetry coefficients and interpreted with caution.  相似文献   

Two Approaches for Determining Extreme Years of Global Atmospheric Temperature     

Ribera  P.  Gimeno  L.  Gallego  D.  García-Herrera  R.  Hernández  E.  de la Torre  L.  Nieto  R.  Calvo  N. 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2004,48(2):447-458

Two different groups of indices have been defined to analyze the evolution of global temperature between 1958 and 1998. All the indices were evaluated at three different levels (850, 500 and 200 hPa), and averaged indices were calculated using the whole globe, continental areas and oceanic areas. The first group of indices analyzes the area of the world covered with higher and lower than normal temperatures, detecting a slight cooling in the 200 hPa level. The second group of indices studies the annual frequency of extreme events, and again, it is at 200 hPa where the most intense variation is detected. Finally, an analysis is performed to determine the regions most sensible to variations in the occurrence of extreme events. Tropical areas are mostly responsible of the variations detected in the second group of indices.  相似文献   

基于情景的1951-2011年中国极端降水风险评估   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

尹占娥  田鹏飞  迟潇潇 《地理学报》2018,73(3):405-413

随着全球气候变暖,极端降水的风险评估研究成为学界和各国政府广泛关注的热点问题,开展中国极端降水的风险评估研究可以为中国防灾减灾提供参考依据。本文从灾害风险评估视角,依据国际减灾战略（ISDR）的灾害风险评估模型,开展了中国极端降水的风险评估研究。首先,利用1951-2011年全国各站点逐日降水数据,采用Pearson-III方法,模拟不同重现期情景下极端降水量和频次分布,评估中国不同重现期下的极端降水危险性及空间分布;其次,基于人口和GDP指标,分析极端降水脆弱性及空间分布特征;在此基础上,评估了5年、10年、50年、100年一遇情景下中国极端降水风险及其空间分布特征。结果表明：① 中国极端降水危险性等级从东南沿海向西北内陆递减,5年一遇情景下,极端降水高危险区和低危险区的分界线大致与400 mm等降水线相同。② 中国极端降水脆弱性高的地区主要分布在人口稠密且经济发达的东部沿海大城市地区,特别是经济发达的长三角、珠三角和京津冀等城市群地区,以及中部地区的一些大城市。③ 不同情景下,中国极端降水风险等级均呈现由东南向西北方向降低。风险等级高和较高的地区主要位于黑河—腾冲线以东,中和低风险区位于该线以西,这与中国人口密度分布的胡焕庸线大体一致。  相似文献   

1960-2005年长江流域降水极值概率分布特征   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

苏布达  Marco Gemmer  姜彤  任国玉 《气候变化研究进展》2007,3(4):208-213

 摘 要：根据1960-2005年长江流域147个气象站逐日降水观测资料和ECHAM5/ MPI-OM气候模式20世纪试验期（1941-2000年）79个格点逐日降水模拟资料，建立年最大强降水AM（annual maximum）序列及汛期日降水量＜1.27 mm的最长干旱持续天数MI（Munger index）序列，分析了长江流域降水极值序列的时空分布特征和概率分布模式。结果表明：1) 长江流域强降水事件的强度和概率最大的地区位于岷沱江流域中游、洞庭湖湖区、长江中下游干流区与鄱阳湖东南部支流等地区，干旱事件强度和概率最大的地区位于金沙江流域中下游与嘉陵江流域；2) 气候模式模拟的长江流域AM事件的多年平均值普遍高于观测值，但离差系数普遍低于观测值; 3) 气候模式模拟结果与观测的降水极值空间分布有一定的差异，但对气候模式和实际观测的降水极值概率分布的拟合，均证明Wakeby分布函数能够较好地拟合降水极值的概率分布。  相似文献   

CHOSEN: A synthesis of hydrometeorological data from intensively monitored catchments and comparative analysis of hydrologic extremes     

Liang Zhang  Edom Moges  James W. Kirchner  Elizabeth Coda  Tianchi Liu  Adam S. Wymore  Zexuan Xu  Laurel G. Larsen 《水文研究》2021,35(11):e14429

Comparative hydrology has been hampered by limited availability of geographically extensive, intercompatible monitoring data on comprehensive water balance stores and fluxes. These limitations have, for example, restricted comprehensive assessment of multiple dimensions of wetting and drying related to climate change and hampered understanding of why widespread changes in precipitation extremes are uncorrelated with changes in streamflow extremes. Here, we address this knowledge gap and underlying data gap by developing a new data synthesis product and using that product to detect trends in the frequencies and magnitudes of a comprehensive set of hydroclimatic and hydrologic extremes. CHOSEN (Comprehensive Hydrologic Observatory Sensor Network) is a database of streamflow, soil moisture, and other hydroclimatic and hydrologic variables from 30 study areas across the United States. An accompanying data pipeline provides a reproducible, semi-automated approach for assimilating data from multiple sources, performing quality assurance and control, gap-filling and writing to a standard format. Based on the analysis of extreme events in the CHOSEN dataset, we detected hotspots, characterized by unusually large proportions of monitored variables exhibiting trends, in the Pacific Northwest, New England, Florida and Alaska. Extreme streamflow wetting and drying trends exhibited regional coherence. Drying trends in the Pacific Northwest and Southeast were often associated with trends in soil moisture and precipitation (Pacific Northwest) and evapotranspiration-related variables (Southeast). In contrast, wetting trends in the upper Midwest and the Rocky Mountains showed few univariate associations with other hydroclimatic extremes, but their latitudes and elevations suggested the importance of changing snowmelt characteristics. On the whole, observed trends are incompatible with a ‘drying-in-dry, wetting-in-wet’ paradigm for climate-induced hydrologic changes over land. Our analysis underscores the need for more extensive, longer-term observational data for soil moisture, snow and evapotranspiration.  相似文献   

Effects of urbanization on daily temperature extremes in North China简   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

SI Peng  ZHENG Zuofang  REN Yu  LIANG Dongpo  LI Mingcai  SHU Wenjun 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(2):349-362

The regional changes of daily temperature extremes in North China caused by ur- banization are studied further from observed facts and model estimates on the basis of ho- mogenized daily series of maximum and minimum temperature observations from 268 mete- orological stations, NCEP/DOE AMIP- Ⅱ reanalysis data （R-2）, and the data of simulations by regional climate model （RegCM3）. The observed facts of regional warming on long time scales are obtained by analyzing the indices of temperature extremes during two time periods of 1961-2010 and 1951-2010. For urbanization effect, the contributions to decreases in an- nual and winter diurnal temperature range （DTR） are 56.0% and 52.9%, respectively, and increases in the lowest minimum temperature （TNn） are 35.7% and 26.2% by comparison of urban and rural observations. Obtained by R-2 data with observations for contrast, on the other hand, increase in the number of annual warm nights （TN90p） contributed by urbaniza- tion is 60.9%. And observed facts of regional warming in daily temperature extremes are also reflected in the simulations, but what difference is urbanization progress at rural areas in North China would be prominent in the next few years relative to urban areas to some extent from model estimates.  相似文献