On the interrelations between topography,soil depth,soil moisture,transpiration rates and species distribution at the hillslope scale     

H.J. Tromp-van Meerveld  J.J. McDonnell 《Advances in water resources》2006

Relations between the spatial patterns of soil moisture, soil depth, and transpiration and their influence on the hillslope water balance are not well understood. When determining a water balance for a hillslope, small scale variations in soil depth are often ignored. In this study we found that these variations in soil depth can lead to distinct patterns in transpiration rates across a hillslope. We measured soil moisture content at 0.05 and 0.10 m depth intervals between the soil surface and the soil–bedrock boundary on 64 locations across the trenched hillslope in the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA. We related these soil moisture data to transpiration rates measured in 14 trees across the hillslope using 28 constant heat sapflow sensors. Results showed a lack of spatial structure in soil moisture across the hillslope and with depth when the hillslope was in either the wet or the dry state. However, during the short transition period between the wet and dry state, soil moisture did become spatially organized with depth and across the hillslope. Variations in soil depth and thus total soil water stored in the soil profile at the end of the wet season caused differences in soil moisture content and transpiration rates between upslope and midslope sections at the end of the summer. In the upslope section, which has shallower soils, transpiration became limited by soil moisture while in the midslope section with deeper soils, transpiration was not limited by soil moisture. These spatial differences in soil depth, total water available at the end of the wet season and soil moisture content during the summer appear responsible for the observed spatial differences in basal area and species distribution between the upslope and midslope sections of the hillslope.  相似文献   

丘陵山区农村宅基地选址地质灾害防范工作方法研究     

王帅 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2007,(Z1)

目前对于农村分散宅基地的地质灾害防范问题尚未形成一套便于有效操作的管理办法,尤其是对于地处丘陵山区的地区而言,由于易发区覆盖面广,地质灾害点密度大,因而涉及的问题更多。文章主要针对丘陵、山区的农村宅基地选址、审批过程中的地质灾害防范工作做出评述,同时对评价管理的工作程序进行探讨。针对在易发区内相对合理用地的地质灾害防范问题,对丘陵、山区农村宅基地审批过程中涉及的易发区地质灾害防范及危险性评估(价)的工作,应结合面临的形势、当地具体条件及工作的可操作性做相应的调整。通过60个点(地块)的普遍样本及30个点的典型样本的调查及归纳,通过对各种类型宅基地有可能出现的不良地质现象应对措施的制定,笔者认为可通过7种途径进行丘陵、山区农村宅基地选址的地质灾害防范工作。  相似文献   

TOWARDS A UNIFORM CONCEPT FOR THE COMPARISON AND EXTRAPOLATION OF ROCKWALL RETREAT AND ROCKFALL SUPPLY   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

MICHAEL KRAUTBLATTER  RICHARD DIKAU 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2007,89(1):21-40

Rates of rockwall retreat and rockfall supply are fundamental components of sediment budgets in steep environments. However, the standard procedure of referencing rockwall retreat rates using only lithology is inconsistent with research findings and results in a variability that exceeds three orders of magnitude. The concept proposed in this paper argues that the complexity inherent in rockfall studies can be reduced if the stages of (i) backweathering, (ii) filling and depletion of intermediate storage on the rock face and (iii) final rockfall supply onto the talus slopes are separated as these have different response functions and controlling factors. Backweathering responds to preweathering and weathering conditions whereas the filling and depletion of intermediate storage in the rock face is mainly a function of internal and external triggers. The noise apparent in backweathering rates and rockfall supply can be reduced by integrating the relevant controlling factors in the response functions. Simple conceptual models for the three stages are developed and are linked by a time‐dependent ‘rockfall delivery rate’, which is defined as the difference between backweathering and rockfall supply, thus reflecting the specific importance of intermediate storage in the rock face. Existing studies can be characterized according to their ‘rockfall delivery ratio’, a concept similar to the ‘sediment delivery ratio’ used in fluvial geomorphology. Their outputs can be qualified as trigger‐dependent rockfall supply rates or backweathering rates dependent on (pre‐)weathering conditions. It is shown that the existing quantitative backweathering and rockfall supply models implicitly follow the proposed conceptual models and can be accommodated into the uniform model. Suggestions are made for how best to incorporate non‐linearities, phase transitions, path dependencies and different timescales into rockfall response functions.  相似文献   

The influence of micro-climate, snow cover, and soil moisture on ecosystem functioning in high mountains     

J?rg L?FFLER 《地理学报》2007,17(1):3-19

The dynamics of water and energy fluxes in the high mountains of central Norway was studied along micro-spatial topographic gradients in different altitudes and regions of the Scandes. Landscape ecological processes like snow accumulation during winter, snow melting, evaporation, percolation, soil moisture variability and temperature variations were quantified. Combining spatio-temporal data on physical environment functioning and vegeta-tion patterns resulted in a process-oriented characterisation of high mountain ecosystems. Extensive data from long-term measurements were synthesised illustrating the influence of micro-climate, snow cover, and soil moisture on high mountain ecosystem functioning. The results reveal that the micro-climatic impact on the vegetation is predominantly determined by snow cover overlaying soil moisture gradients. Water only becomes superior where near-surface water saturation and flooding occur. A lack of soil moisture availability was not found during any time of the year even under driest site conditions. Contrasting literature, the Norwegian mountain vegetation was found to be interpreted by environmental variable con-stellations excluding drought stress.  相似文献   

长江三角洲东西部晚新生代地层中的 重矿物差异及其物源意义^*   总被引：10，自引：7，他引：10  

陈静  王哲  王张华  陈中原 《第四纪研究》2007,27(5):700-708

主要针对长江三角洲东西部两个晚新生代钻孔的重矿物分布特征,探讨了近河口区和内陆三角洲平原区物源演化差异。研究结果表明,近河口区自下而上地层中可以划分出5个不同的重矿物组合带,内陆平原区可划分出4个重矿物组合带,这些组合带分别对应着上新世、早、中、晚更新世和全新世。两区在上新世时期重矿物特征十分相似,以金红石、锆石、电气石等酸性-中酸性矿物为主,伴随着许多强氧化自生矿物,如赤铁矿、褐铁矿、白钛石等,表明了以基底和西部天目山为主的物源,指示了强烈风化的沉积环境。进入第四纪,两区沉积物来源发生了变化,内陆平原区继承了西部山地物源,但不稳定矿物增加,并伴随出现许多还原性自生矿物,如黄铁矿、重晶石、碳酸盐等,指示还原环境占主导。相比之下,近河口区物源明显发生变化,尤其是中更新世后矿物种类丰富,金红石、榍石等酸性-中酸性矿物,紫苏辉石、钛铁矿等基性矿物,透辉石、蓝晶石、符山石、十字石等典型变质岩矿物都稳定出现,意味着随着沉积盆地下沉,河口区逐渐接受了长江中下游和上游沉积物的物源。  相似文献   

Mountain belt growth inferred from histories of past plate convergence: A new tectonic inverse problem     

Giampiero Iaffaldano  Hans-Peter Bunge  Martin Bücker 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2007,260(3-4):516-523

Past plate motions display a range of variability, including speedups and slowdowns that cannot easily be attributed to changes in mantle related driving forces. One key controlling factor for these variations is the surface topography at convergent margins, as previous modeling shows that the topographic load of large mountain belts consumes a significant amount of the driving forces available for plate tectonics by increasing frictional forces between downgoing and overriding plates. Here we use this insight to pose a new tectonic inverse problem and to infer the growth of mountain belts from a record of past plate convergence. We introduce the automatic differentiation method, which is a technique to produce derivative code free of truncation error by source transformation of the forward model. We apply the method to a publicly available global tectonic thin-shell model and generate a simple derivative code to relate Nazca/South America plate convergence to gross topography of the Andes mountain belt. We test the code in a search algorithm to infer an optimal paleotopography of the Andes 3.2 m.y. ago from the well-known history of Nazca/South America plate convergence. Our modeling results are in excellent agreement with published estimates of Andean paleotopography and support the notion of strong feedback between mountain belt growth and plate convergence.  相似文献   

昆仑山8.1级地震前锦州地震台体应变的异常变化     

杨成元  查楠 《东北地震研究》2007,23(4):36-41

对昆仑山8.1级地震前锦州地震台体应变异常变化作了初步的分析与探讨,认为大震前应力变化存在一个"渐变—大变—减变—平静—发展"的过程。  相似文献   

大别山北麓罗山地区中生代火山岩盆地铀成矿预测          下载免费PDF全文

温国栋  张盼盼  陈化凯  莫鸿飞  阿丽莉  张六虎  曾庆海  李明 《地质找矿论丛》2018,33(4):534-540

文章以大别山北麓罗山地区中生代火山岩盆地为研究区对象,在分析盆地火山岩特征及含铀性的基础上,结合现代火山岩型铀成矿理论,认为罗山中生代火山岩盆地具有较好的铀成矿潜力。同时,探讨了罗山冯楼地区铀矿成因,建立了"两层楼"铀成矿模式,并预测本区的主要找矿位置为火山机构内部、盆地基底不整合面上下与切盆断裂交切带内,次要的找矿位置为火山岩盆地内的氧化还原界面附近。  相似文献   

山区河流河床结构表征新方法          下载免费PDF全文

李志威  颜旭  潘保柱  余国安  王兆印 《水科学进展》2018,29(6):799-809

山区河流的河床结构是来水来沙与河床相互作用的产物,对河床阻力及输沙率的计算具有重要意义。为更科学地表征河床结构的细节特征,采用2017年2次考察金沙江小江流域干支流7个河段的地形测量数据,提出河床结构表征的4个新量纲一数（凹凸数、平均凹度、平均凸度和凹凸度）及其计算方法。新参数的计算原理简单而直观,能够从多角度表征河床结构发育程度及其形态特征,而且当河床结构发育程度较低时,凹凸度的表征结果更具有区分度。结果表明:新参数表征结果与前人单一参数的计算结果具有一致性;吊嘎河下游、陶家小河和清水沟的河床结构凹凸程度大,河床凸起"高凸",凹陷"深陡",河床阻力大,输沙率低;吊嘎河上游、小江、蒋家沟和蓝泥坪沟的河床结构凹凸程度小,河床凸起"低平",凹陷"浅缓",河床阻力小,输沙率大。  相似文献   

贵州玉舍冬季滑雪气象指数等级制订          下载免费PDF全文

尚媛媛  杜正静  裴兴云  陈静怡 《高原山地气象研究》2019,39(1):67-73

运用1988~2017年贵州省玉舍滑雪场附近30年气候资料和2015~2016年冬季滑雪场客流量资料,分析贵州高海拔地区滑雪运动与气象条件的关系,进而进行滑雪气象指数等级研究。结果表明:(1)玉舍滑雪场冬季具有少雨、低风、温度适宜的气候特点,可以开展滑雪运动。(2)玉舍的滑雪人数与气象因子风速、气温、相对湿度、降水量呈显著反相关。(3)根据玉舍滑雪场气候背景特征,分别对降水量、相对湿度、舒适度指数三个气象要素进行分级,通过实际滑雪人数分级与滑雪气象指数等级预报进行的检验表明:实际滑雪气象指数等级与指数预报等级相同(即绝对值之差为0)的准确率达26.4%,实际滑雪气象指数等级与指数预报等级绝对值之差为1的准确率达66.7%,即预报滑雪气象指数等级与实际滑雪气象指数等级之差≥1的准确率达93%。  相似文献