Seismic reflection along the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

G.G. Buffett  B. Biescas  J.L. Pelegrí  F. Machín  V. Sallars  R. Carbonell  D. Klaeschen  R. Hobbs 《Continental Shelf Research》2009,29(15):1848-1860

Seismic reflection profiling is applied to the study of large scale physical oceanographic processes in the Gulf of Cádiz and western Iberian coast, coinciding with the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent. The multi-channel seismic reflection method provides clear images of thermohaline fine structure with a horizontal resolution approximately two orders of magnitude higher than CTD casting. The seismic data are compared with co-located historical oceanographic data. Three seismic reflectivity zones are identified: North Atlantic Central Water, Mediterranean Water and North Atlantic Deep Water. Seismic evidence for the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent is found in the near-slope reflectivity patterns, with rising reflectors between about 500 and 1500 m. However, the core of the undercurrent is largely transparent. Seismic images show that central and, particularly, intermediate Mediterranean Waters have fine structure coherent over horizontal distances of several tens of kilometers. However, the intensity of the reflectors, and their horizontal coherence, decreases downstream. This change in seismic reflectivity is probably the result of diminished vertical thermohaline contrasts between adjacent water masses, so that double-diffusion processes become unable to sustain temperature and salinity staircases. Comparison of root-mean-square seismic amplitudes with temperature and salinity differences between the Mediterranean Undercurrent and the overlying central waters suggests a causal relationship between observed thermohaline fine structure and true seismic amplitudes. We estimate that, within this intermediate water stratum, impedance contrasts are mainly controlled by sound speed contrasts (a factor between 3.5 and 10 times larger than density contrasts), which are mainly controlled by temperature contrasts (a factor between 1.5 and 5 times larger than salinity contrasts).  相似文献   

The P-wave velocity structure of Deception Island,Antarctica, from two-dimensional seismic tomography     

Tami Ben-Zvi  William S.D. Wilcock  Andrew H. Barclay  Daria Zandomeneghi  Jesús M. Ibáñez  Javier Almendros 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009

Deception Island is a volcanic island with a flooded caldera that has a complex geological setting in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. We use P-wave arrivals recorded on land and seafloor seismometers from airgun shots within the caldera and around the island to invert for the P-wave velocity structure along two orthogonal profiles. The results show that there is a sharp increase in velocity to the north of the caldera which coincides with a regional normal fault that defines the northwestern boundary of the Bransfield Strait backarc basin. There is a low-velocity region beneath the caldera extending from the seafloor to > 4 km depth with a maximum negative anomaly of 1 km/s. Refracted arrivals are consistent with a 1.2-km-thick layer of low-velocity sediments and pyroclastites infilling the caldera. Synthetic inversions show that this layer accounts for only a small portion of the velocity anomaly, implying that there is a significant region of low velocities at greater depths. Further synthetic inversions and melt fraction calculations are consistent with, but do not require, the presence of an extensive magma chamber beneath the caldera that extends downwards from ≤ 2 km depth.  相似文献   

Effects of incomplete mixing on multicomponent reactive transport     

A.M. Tartakovsky  G.D. Tartakovsky  T.D. Scheibe 《Advances in water resources》2009,32(11):1674-1679

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Characterization of mixing and spreading in a bounded stratified medium     

Vanessa Zavala-Sanchez  Marco DentzXavier Sanchez-Vila 《Advances in water resources》2009

Matheron and de Marsily [Matheron M, de Marsily G. Is the transport in porous media always diffusive? A counter-example. Water Resour Res 1980;16:901–17] studied transport in a perfectly stratified infinite medium as an idealized aquifer model. They observed superdiffusive solute spreading quantified by anomalous increase of the apparent longitudinal dispersion coefficient with the square root of time. Here, we investigate solute transport in a vertically bounded stratified random medium. Unlike for the infinite medium at asymptotically long times, disorder-induced mixing and spreading is uniquely quantified by a constant Taylor dispersion coefficient. Using a stochastic modeling approach we study the effective mixing and spreading dynamics at pre-asymptotic times in terms of effective average transport coefficients. The latter are defined on the basis of local moments, i.e., moments of the transport Green function. We investigate the impact of the position of the initial plume and the initial plume size on the (highly anomalous) pre-asymptotic effective spreading and mixing dynamics for single realizations and in average. Effectively, the system “remembers” its initial state, the effective transport coefficients show so-called memory effects, which disappear after the solute has sampled the full vertical extent of the medium. We study the impact of the intrinsic non-ergodicity of the confined medium on the validity of the stochastic modeling approach and study in this context the transition from the finite to the infinite medium.  相似文献   

Three-layer model for vertical velocity distribution in open channel flow with submerged rigid vegetation   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

W.X. Huai  Y.H. Zeng  Z.G. Xu  Z.H. Yang 《Advances in water resources》2009

Based on the detailed laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis, a new three-layer model is proposed to predict the vertical velocity distribution in an open channel flow with submerged vegetation. The time averaged velocity and turbulence behaviour of a steady uniform flow with fully submerged artificial rigid vegetation was measured using a 3D Micro ADV, and the vertical distribution of velocity and Reynolds shear stress at different vegetation height, vegetation density and measuring positions were obtained. The results show that the velocity profile consists of three hydrodynamic regimes (i.e. the upper non-vegetated layer, the outer and bottom layer within vegetation); accordingly different methods had been adopted to describe the vertical velocity distribution. For the upper non-vegetated layer, a modified mixing length theory combined with the concept of ‘the new vegetation boundary layer’ was adopted, and an analytical model was presented to predict the vertical velocity distribution in this region. For the bottom layer within vegetation, the depth average velocity was obtained by numerically solving the momentum equations. For the upper layer within vegetation, the analytical solution was presented by expressing the shear stress as a formula fitted to the experimental data. Finally, the analytical predictions of the vertical velocity over the whole flow depth were compared with the results obtained by other researchers, and the good agreement proved that the three-layer model can be used to predict the velocity distribution of the open channel flow with submerged rigid vegetation.  相似文献   

洋中脊构造及地震调查现状   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

牛雄伟  阮爱国  李家彪  丘学林 《华南地震》2009,29(4):72-84

介绍了洋中脊的全球分布和构造特征,对全球主要的、不同扩张速率的洋中脊进行了分类和列表描述;对洋中脊的构造特征,如地形特征、地壳厚度与扩张速率的关系及扩张轴下的岩浆房的特征、洋中脊与地幔柱的相互作用进行了阐述。回顾了海底地震仪在洋中脊构造调查中的应用及取得的主要成果。简要介绍了我国将用海底地震仪开展洋中脊构造调查的技术路线。  相似文献   

边界层参数化方案对边界层热力和动力结构特征影响的比较   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

黄文彦  沈新勇  王卫国  黄伟 《地球物理学报》2014,57(5):1399-1414

本文利用高分辨率中尺度WRF模式,通过改变边界层参数化方案进行多组试验,评估该模式对美国北部森林地区边界层结构的模拟能力,同时比较了五种不同边界层参数化方案模拟得出的边界层热力和动力结构.结果表明：除个别方案外,配合不同边界层方案的WRF模式都能成功模拟出白天对流边界层强湍流混合特征和夜间稳定边界层内强逆温、逆湿和低空急流等热力和动力结构.非局地YSU、ACM2方案在白天表现出强的湍流混合和卷夹,相比于局地MYJ、UW方案,模拟的对流边界层温度更高、湿度更低、混合层高度更高、感热通量更大,更接近实际观测,这表明在不稳定层结下考虑非局地大涡输送更为合理,但局地方案在风速和风向的预报上存在一定优势.TEMF方案得到的白天局地湍流混合强度为所有方案中最弱,混合层难以发展,无法体现对流边界层内气象要素垂直分布均匀的特点.对于夜间稳定边界层的模拟,不同参数化方案之间的差异较小,但是YSU方案在一定程度上高估了机械湍流,导致局地湍流混合偏强,从而影响了其对稳定边界层的模拟能力.  相似文献   

用5L混合云室观测抚顺市大气冰核浓度   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

周德平  李炳昆  陈光  洪也  张云海  万志红  董国平 《气象与环境学报》2012,28(6):43-49

利用改进的Bigg型混合云室于2011年5-11月在辽宁省气象局抚顺大气成分站对近地层大气冰核浓度进行了测量。根据测量结果,分析冰核浓度日际变化和季节变化特征,讨论了风、气压、气温和湿度以及天气状况等气象要素对大气冰核浓度的影响。结果表明：观测期间,抚顺市大气冰核浓度平均为30个·L_-1（-20 ℃时）;冰核浓度随活化温度的降低呈指数式增加;气象因子对冰核浓度有一定的影响,不同季节影响的程度不同。  相似文献   

松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷下白垩统营城组火山机构类型与喷发模式研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

贺电  李江海  刘守偈 《岩石学报》2009,25(3):659-666

火山岩油气藏已成为我国东部中、新生代陆内裂谷盆地内一种重要的油气藏类型。松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩中形成大规模气藏,不同火山岩相对油气的储集性差异很大,因此探究断陷内火山机构类型和喷发模式成为天然气勘探开发的基础。徐家围子断陷发育中酸性火山岩,识别出层状火山、熔岩穹隆、破火山口等3种主要火山机构赋存类型。受区域垂向和斜向两期拉张作用控制,在断裂上盘、下盘和断裂带,火山机构分别以不同形式展布：断裂下盘的掀斜肩部火山机构发育、断裂带火山机构串珠状叠置、断裂上盘火山爆发强烈并形成大型徐东破火山口。徐东破火山口的形成说明岩浆侵位于地壳底部,形成扁平状的岩浆房。岩浆垂直上升喷发或沿断裂喷发,形成徐家围子断陷中心式-裂隙式火山喷发模式。  相似文献   

华北克拉通减薄过程中岩浆深部过程及浅部响应:以河北武安坦岭杂岩体为例   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘璐璐  苏尚国  王娜  王文博 《岩石学报》2019,35(9):2873-2892

白垩纪时期华北克拉通东部岩石圈发生了强烈的减薄作用,其减薄过程中岩石圈、岩浆的深部过程及浅部响应仍存在较大争议。本文以华北克拉通中部的河北武安坦岭杂岩体为研究对象,进行了详细的野外地质调查、岩相学观察、矿物电子探针分析、岩石地球化学分析以及锆石年代学研究。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年结果显示,细粒二长岩的年龄为134Ma,具似斑状及斑状结构的岩石的平均年龄为127Ma。岩相学观察及BSE图像显示,坦岭各岩体的斜长石均具有复杂的结构。文中对杂岩体各侵入岩中的斜长石进行了综合分析,表明其具有不同的生长环境和生长过程。通过对坦岭杂岩中各侵入岩中角闪石的温度、压力计算,获得的计算结果可大致归为三个阶段,温度为927～940℃、819～852℃、696℃,压力为347～390MPa、179～223MPa和30MPa,对应的形成深度为13～15km、7～8km和1km。根据斜长石晶体群成分剖面的分析及角闪石温压计的计算结果,本文提出了一个多重岩浆房模型:来自深部幔源的流体形成流体超压将至少二个岩浆房进行活化,并夹带不同岩浆房中的晶体和残余岩浆进行混合形成熔体-流体流迅速上侵冷却就位于地表,伴随着多次脉动及地壳快速抬升完成了坦岭杂岩体的组装过程。在此过程中,研究区地壳在7Myr内抬升了约5km,表明了拆沉作用的发生,是华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的浅部响应。  相似文献