腾格里沙漠东南部野外风沙流观测   总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4  

张正偲  董治宝 《中国沙漠》2013,33(4):973-980

风沙流是一种沙粒的群体运动,是风沙物理研究的重要内容之一。开展风沙流研究,能够为风沙运动理论与工程实践提供理论支持。由于自然界风的阵性、地表湿度、下垫面属性和风程长度等影响因子的时空变化对风沙流运动的影响,以及长期野外观测的限制,对风沙流的研究目前还不是很完善。本文依据中国科学院风沙科学观测场2005-2009年的长期观测资料,采用赤池信息量准则（Akaike information criterion）,对5种风沙流通量研究常用的拟合模型进行对比分析。结果表明,指数函数模型(q(z)=ae-z/b)是平坦沙地上风沙流的最佳表示方式,该模型拟合系数a值在0～600之间,但主要分布在0～100之间,占64.40%,其次为100～150之间,占18.24%;系数b值在0～0.06之间,主要分布在0.015～0.040之间,占91.21%,其中0.025～0.030占26.37%,其次为0.030～0.035,占24.40%。风沙流中的沙粒平均跃移高度与拟合系数b相同。风沙流在运动过程中,主要在高度20 cm以下传输。风沙流对地表的风蚀和堆积机率几乎是相等的。  相似文献   

弱动力浅海中的悬沙输运机制:以天津港附近海域为例   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

杜家笔  裴艳东  高建华  于欣  王福  范昌福  王宏  汪亚平 《海洋学报》2012,34(1):136-144

根据在天津港附近海域获取的水动力和浊度数据,分析了悬沙输运特征和输运机制,结果表明:天津港附近海域受不规则半日潮控制呈低流态往复流特征,但涨潮流强于落潮流;涨潮期间底部悬沙浓度与垂线平均流速呈显著线性相关,存在显著的再悬浮作用;潮周期内的悬沙输运呈典型的不对称特征,形成向岸的净输运趋势。输运机制分析结果显示:潮泵效应(尤其是潮汐捕捉效应)是天津港附近海域悬沙输运的主要贡献项,其次是拉格朗日平流输运项,前者比后者高一个量级;垂向剪切作用最小。涨落潮期间流速与悬沙浓度的显著不对称是造成潮汐捕捉效应占主导的基本条件。在潮下带这种悬沙输运格局可能和潮间带发生的细颗粒沉积物捕集(堆积)作用有关。  相似文献   

The seasonal variability of an air-sea heat flux in the northern South China Sea   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

ZHANG Yan  WANG Dongxiao  XIA Huayong  ZENG Lili 《海洋学报(英文版)》2012,31(5):79-86

The seasonal variabilities of a latent-heat flux (LHF), a sensible-heat flux (SHF) and net surface heat flux are examined in the northern South China Sea (NSCS), including their spatial characteristics, using the in situ data collected by ship from 2006 to 2007. The spatial distribution of LHF in the NSCS is mostly controlled by wind in summer and autumn owing to the lower vertical gradient of air humidity, but is influenced by both wind and near-surface air humidity vertical gradient in spring and winter. The largest area-averaged LHF is in autumn, with the value of 197.25 W/m 2 , followed by that in winter; the third and the forth are in summer and spring, respectively. The net heat flux is positive in spring and summer, so the NSCS absorbs heat; and the solar shortwave radiation plays the most important role in the surface heat budget. In autumn and winter, the net heat flux is negative in most of the observation region, so the NSCS loses heat; and the LHF plays the most important role in the surface heat budget. The net heating is mainly a result of the offsetting between heating due to the shortwave radiation and cooling due to the LHF and the upward (outgoing) long wave radiation, since the role of SHF is negligible. The ratio of the magnitudes of the three terms (shortwave radiation to LHF to long-wave radiation) averaged over the entire year is roughly 3:2:1, and the role of SHF is the smallest.  相似文献   

Thermodynamic effects on particle movement: Wind tunnel simulation results   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Qinghe Niu  Jianjun Qu  Kecun Zhang  Xianwan Liu 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2012,22(2):178-187

Sand/dust storms are some of the main hazards in arid and semi-arid zones. These storms also influence global environmental changes. By field observations, empirical statistics, and numerical simulations, pioneer researchers on these natural events have concluded the existence of a positive relationship between thermodynamic effects and sand/dust storms. Thermodynamic effects induce an unsteady stratified atmosphere to influence the process of these storms. However, studies on the relationship of thermodynamic effects with particles (i.e., sand and dust) are limited. In this article, wind tunnel with heating was used to simulate the quantitative relationship between thermodynamic effects and particle movement on different surfaces. Compared with the cold state, the threshold wind velocity of particles is found to be significantly decrease under the hot state. The largest decrease percentage exceedes 9% on fine and coarse sand surfaces. The wind velocity also has a three-power function in the sand transport rate under the hot state with increased sand transport. Thermodynamic effects are stronger on loose surfaces and fine particles, but weaker on compacted surfaces and coarse particles.  相似文献   

土壤热扩散率及其温度、热通量计算方法的比较研究   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

缪育聪  刘树华  吕世华  张宇 《地球物理学报》2012,55(2):441-451

本文利用绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验的2005年6月11日至15日在甘肃金塔绿洲中部观测的土壤温度、湿度和通量资料,在分析了观测期间土壤温度、湿度和通量特征的基础上,采用振幅法、相位法、谐波法和热传导对流法计算了5~20 cm土壤层的土壤热扩散率.在此基础上,以深度为5 cm的土壤层为上边界条件,计算了10 cm、20 cm深度的土壤温度和10 cm深度的热通量.结果表明:谐波法能很好地计算土壤温度,10 cm和20 cm深度的计算值相对观测值的标准差分别为:0.21 ℃和0.18 ℃;热传导对流法计算的土壤温度好于振幅法和相位法,但由于忽略了土壤水分通量密度的日变化,该方法用于土壤含水量有明显日变化的浅层土壤时,会出现计算误差.谐波法的计算土壤热通量与实测值最为接近,计算值与实测值的相关系数达到0.868.  相似文献   

有限区域分解分析方法在2006年一次东北冷涡暴雨分析中的应用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

邓涤菲  周玉淑  王东海 《地球物理学报》2012,55(6):1852-1866

2006年7月19-24日,东北地区出现一次明显的冷涡发展导致强降水的过程.对这次东北冷涡过程的天气形势分析表明,该东北冷涡的维持和发展与冷涡东部阻塞高压的建立与消亡有关.本文根据500 hPa环流形势演变特征,将东北冷涡发生发展过程分为4个阶段,并借助调和-余弦谱展开方法,对东北冷涡各阶段850 hPa水平风和水汽通量进行无辐散和无旋转分量分解,分析各阶段无旋转风动能和无辐散风动能之间的能量转化.研究结果表明,分解得到的无辐散风及其水汽通量清楚地展现出了东北冷涡的大尺度环流和水汽输送通道及水汽来源,而从无旋转风及其水汽通量上则可以直观地看到冷涡低层的中小尺度风场及水汽辐合辐散区,为分析东北冷涡内部对流提供帮助.东北冷涡发展的不同阶段其水汽来源有所不同,初始阶段的水汽主要来自黄海和渤海地区,发展阶段水汽主要来自日本海,而到成熟阶段和减弱阶段,水汽输送通道被破坏,冷涡的水汽供应大大减少,与同时期暴雨减弱一致.同时,无旋转风辐合强值区和无旋转风水汽通量大值区的重合区域有利于强对流的发生发展,表现为重合区与TBB(Temperature of Black Body,黑体辐射温度)强对流云带的形状和位置对应良好,与降水落区也较为一致,可为预报东北冷涡引发的强降水落区这一预报难点问题提供参考.从动能转化上看,无旋转风和无辐散风的动能转化项能很好地反映东北冷涡整个生命史过程中各阶段强度的变化特点,对冷涡强度预报具有一定的指示意义.  相似文献   

三江平原毛苔草沼泽CO2排放通量日变化研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

卢妍  宋长春  王毅勇  赵志春 《湿地科学》2008,6(1):69-74

利用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,在毛苔草(Carex lasiocarp)4个生长期(开花期、果熟期、果后营养期和立枯期),对三江平原毛苔草沼泽CO2排放通量的日变化进行了观测实验。结果表明,在开花期和果熟期,沼泽CO2日平均排放通量较大,分别为1 286.79 mg/(m2.h)和829.28 mg/(m2.h),在果后营养期和立枯期,沼泽CO2日平均排放通量较小,分别为472.54 mg/(m2.h)和237.27 mg/(m2.h);在开花期、果熟期和果后营养期,沼泽CO2排放通量的日变化与温度的相关性不明显,而在立枯期,沼泽CO2排放通量的日变化与气温和地表温度(水温)呈显著正相关(n=11,p<0.05)。各生长期的沼泽CO2日平均排放通量之间具有显著差异(n=4,p<0.01)。从整个生长季来看,CO2日排放通量与气温、地表温度(水温)、5 cm地温和10 cm地温呈显著正相关(n=40,p<0.01),与15 cm地温也呈显著正相关(n=40,p<0.05)。  相似文献   

珠海凤凰山森林下垫面干季和湿季气象要素的对比分析与动量和感热交换系数的参数化研究     

刘雨佳  韦志刚  陈辰  董文杰  朱献  陈广宇  刘雅静 《气候与环境研究》2020,25(5):457-468

利用珠海凤凰山陆气相互作用观测塔站2014年11月至2016年5月的观测数据,对比分析了干湿季森林下垫面能量通量和气象要素的变化特征,分析了在不同稳定度下3个风向范围（315°～45°、45°～135°和135°～225°）的动量和感热交换系数随冠层表面风速的变化特征,并对动量和感热交换系数进行了参数化研究。结果表明:干季感热和潜热通量值相当,湿季潜热远大于感热。干季和湿季的夜晚都出现负感热现象,感热从大气向森林输送。相对湿度的变化幅度大,与该地气象状况密切相关,相对湿度的垂直梯度夜晚较大,白天较小。干季的气温垂直梯度比湿季的明显。风速在冬季变化平缓,夏季变化剧烈,低层风速随高度变化梯度明显,高层较紊乱。各高度风向差异不大。中性和近中性状态下,在风向为315°～45°、45°～135°和135°～225°时,动量交换系数C_dn分别为0.05、0.0055和0.022,感热交换系数C_hn分别为0.0055、0.003和0.004。在稳定和不稳定状态下,动量交换系数C_d、感热交换系数C_h随冠层表面风速v明显发生变化,稳定条件下,C_d、C_h随v的增大而增大;不稳定条件下,C_d、C_h随v的增大而减小。分不同风向对森林冠层C_d、C_h在稳定和不稳定条件下与v的关系进行了拟合,得到了参数化公式。  相似文献   

Impacts of the wintertime mesozooplankton community to downward carbon flux in the subarctic and subtropical Pacific Oceans     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2013

We compared wintertime depth distributions of the mesozooplankton community and dominant copepods between the subtropical (S1) and subarctic (K2) Pacific Oceans to evaluate the relative importance of actively transported carbon by vertical migrants to sinking particulate organic carbon flux. Primary production was higher and the ratio of sinking particulate organic carbon flux to primary production was lower at S1 compared with those at K2. The mesozooplankton community was lower in abundance and biomass at S1 compared to K2. Copepods were the dominant group among both mesozooplankton abundance and biomass throughout the water column down to 1000 m at both sites. The depth distribution showed that diel vertical migration was obvious for the mesozooplankton abundance and biomass at S1 but was not apparent for the abundance at K2, because the dominant component was diurnally migrating species at S1 and overwintering species residing at mesopelagic depths at K2. The major components of diel migrants were copepods and euphausiids at S1 and only euphausiids at K2. Respiratory flux by the diurnally migrating mesozooplankton was estimated to be 2 mgC m⁻² day⁻¹ at S1 and 7 mgC m⁻² day⁻¹ at K2. The respiratory flux was equivalent to 131% of sedimentary fecal pellet flux at S1 and 136% of that at K2. Because pathways of downward carbon flux are facilitated by the mesozooplankton community, the actively transported carbon (respiration of dissolved inorganic carbon, excretion of dissolved organic carbon and egestion of fecal pellets at depth) might be larger during winter than the flux of sinking fecal pellets.  相似文献   

High primary productivity and f-ratio in summer in the Ulleung basin of the East/Japan Sea     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2013

To better understand the cause of high summer primary productivity in the Ulleung Basin located in the southwest part of the East/Japan Sea, the spatial dynamics of primary, new, and regenerated productivities (PP, NP, and RP) were examined along the path of the Tsushima Warm Current system in summer 2008. We compared hydrographic and chemical parameters in the Ulleung Basin with those of the Kuroshio Current in the Western Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea. In summer, integrated primary productivity (IPP, 0.37–0.96 g C m⁻² d⁻¹) and integrated new productivity (INP, 26–221 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹) within the euphotic zone in the Ulleung Basin were higher than those in the East China Sea and the Western Pacific Ocean (0.17–0.28 g C m⁻² d⁻¹, 2−5 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively). In contrast, there was no pronounced spatial variation in integrated regenerated productivity (IRP, 43–824 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹). Strong positive correlations between IPP and INP (also the f-ratio), and between nitrate uptake rate in the mixed layer and nitrate upward flux through the top of pycnocline in summer in the Ulleung Basin imply that the high IPP was mainly supported by supply of nitrate from the underlying water in the euphotic zone. Shallowing of the pycnocline depth as the current enters the East/Japan Sea facilitates nitrate supply from the nutrient-replete cold water immediately below the pycnocline through nitrate upward flux. A subsurface maximum in PP at or above the pycnocline and a high f-ratio further support the importance of this source of nitrate for maintaining the high summer PP in the Ulleung Basin. In comparison, the high PP layer was observed at the surface in the following fall and spring in the Ulleung Basin. Our results demonstrate the importance of hydrographic features in enhancing PP in this oligotrophic Tsushima Warm Current system.  相似文献