Waveform Shaping of Sonar Transducers for Improving the Vertical Resolution in Sub-bottom Sediments Profiling     

P. Cobo  C. Ranz  A. Fernández  M. Cuesta  D.K. Anthony  M. Siguero 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2005,26(2-4):87-95

Vertical resolution is of fundamental importance in sonar exploration and is directly related to the duration of the acoustic pulse generated by the transducer. The shorter the radiated pulse, the higher the vertical resolution. Many sub-bottom profiling sonar systems use piezoelectric transducers because they are reversible and well understood. Piezoelectric projectors are normally resonant transducers, which are intrinsically narrowband. A piezoelectric transducer is usually driven by a tone-burst. However, it is possible to use Fourier techniques to find a pre-compensated electrical driving function so that the transducer radiates a prescribed wider band acoustic waveform. This technique can be applied to synthesize zero-phase cosine-magnitude, Gaussian, and bionic pulses, with a conventional sandwich transducer. Zero-phase cosine-magnitude waveforms provide minimum length pulses (and therefore maximum resolution) within a prescribed frequency band.The aim of this paper is to illustrate the synthesis of wideband acoustic pulses using an underwater piezoelectric projector. The conventional acoustic waveform radiated when a Tonpiltz transducer is transiently excited using a “click” and allows its frequency response function to be measured. This function is used to design the electrical signal which then drives the transducer so that it radiates the shortest pulse compatible with its mechanical response. The significant resolution enhancement of the waveform shaping process is illustrated by its application to a sediment wedge model.  相似文献   

Possible Density Change of the Origin of North Pacific Intermediate Water Due to Double Diffusion in the Mixed Water Region     

Ryuichiro?InoueEmail author  Jiro?Yoshida 《Journal of Oceanography》2005,61(5):871-883

In this study we test Talley's hypothesis that Oyashio winter mixed-layer water (26.5–26.6σ _θ) increases its density to produce the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) salinity minimum (26.7– 26.8σ_θ) in the Mixed Water Region, assuming a combination of cabbeling and double diffusion. The possible density change of Oyashio winter mixed-layer water is discussed using an instantaneous ratio of the change of temperature and salinity along any particular intrusion (R _l ). We estimate the range of R _l ^DD required to convert Oyashio winter mixed-layer water to the NPIW salinity minimum due to double diffusion, and then assume double-diffusive intrusions as this conversion mechanism. A double-diffusive intrusion model is used to estimate R _l ^DD in a situation where salt fingering dominates vertical mixing, as well as to determine whether Oyashio winter mixed-layer water can become the NPIW salinity minimum. Possible density changes are estimated from the model R _l ^DD by assuming the amount of density change due to cabbeling. From these results, we conclude that Oyashio winter mixed-layer water contributes to a freshening of the lighter layer of the NPIW salinity minimum (around 26.70σ_θ) in the MWR.  相似文献   

热带气旋对黄、渤海影响的统计特征分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张晓慧  卢霞  颜梅 《海洋湖沼通报》2003,(2):11-16

本文统计分析了1949—2000年共52年影响黄、渤海的热带气旋时空分布特点及ENS0、西太平洋副热带高压与影响黄、渤海的热带气旋关系。结果表明，西太平洋热带气放以四种主要路径影响黄、渤海，其影响时间、频数及强度均有不同。ENSO和西太平洋副热带高压的强度、位置将影响热带气旋对黄、渤海影响的路径和频数。  相似文献   

Decadal Variability of Subsurface Temperature in the Central North Pacific     

Satoshi Sugimoto  Takashi Yoshida  Tadashi Ando 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(6):945-955

Decadal variability of subsurface temperature in the North Pacific has been investigated. Two dominant regions were found; the central subarctic region (CSa) and the north-eastern subtropical region (NESt). In CSa, cooling (warming) of wintertime subsurface temperature corresponds to the large (small) temperature gradient and southward (northward) shift of subsurface temperature front, associated with the increase (decrease) of positive wind stress curl and the southward (northward) shift of curl τ zero line with 2 years delay. It is suggested that the relocation of subtropical-subarctic boundary plays an important role. In NESt, importance of heat flux through the sea surface and heat divergence in the Ekman layer is also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Trends in biomass, density and diversity of North Sea macrofauna   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6  

Heip  C.; Basford  D.; Craeymeersch  J. A.; Dewarumez  J. M.; Dorjes  J.; de Wilde  P.; Duineveld  G.; Eleftheriou  A.; Herman  P. M. J.; Niermann  U.; Kingston  P.; Kunitzer  A.; Rachor  E.; Rumohr  H.; Soetaert  K.; Soltwedel  T. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1992,49(1):13-22

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中国北方四条河口的汞——以大辽河、鸭绿江、滦河、东村河为例     

刘素美  张经  崔俊芝 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2001,31(1):136-142

分别于1989年，1992年，1991年8月，1991年5月对大辽河口、鸭绿江口、滦河口、东村河口水体中总汞进行了取样和分析，其中又对大辽河口和东村河口进行了溶解态汞的分析。大辽河口和东村河口溶解态汞的含量分别为85～460ng/L和180～500ng/L，平均值分别为210和324ng/L；总汞含量分别为95～550和400～1000ng/L，平均值分别为310和640ng/L。大辽河河流段和河口段溶解态汞和颗粒态汞是主要存在形式。河口溶解态汞和颗粒态汞随氯度变化趋势相似。东村河口溶解态汞约占50%。鸭绿江口和滦河口总汞含量分别为30～2500和3700～6700ng/L，平均值分别为700和5700ng/L。鸭绿江口总汞随氯度变化趋势与随浊度变化趋势一致。而在滦河口总汞含量随两者变化趋势则不同。还讨论了滦河口、东村河口、鸭绿江口和大辽河口汞的污染程度。  相似文献   

A modelling study of ecosystem dynamics and nutrient cycling in the Humber plume, UK     

J. I. Allen   《Journal of Sea Research》1997,38(3-4)

The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM) has been coupled with a two-dimensional depth-averaged transport model of the Humber plume region and run to simulate 1988–1989. Simulations of the spatial and temporal variations in chlorophyll-a, nitrate, phosphate and suspended particulate matter distributions in winter, spring and summer show how the development of the spring bloom and subsequent maintenance of primary production is controlled by the physicochemical environment of the plume zone. Results are also shown for two stations, one characterised by the high nutrient and suspended matter concentrations of the plume and the other by the relatively low nutrient and sediment concentrations of the offshore waters. The modelled net primary production at the plume site was 105 g C m⁻² a⁻¹ and 127 g C m⁻² a⁻¹ offshore. Primary production was controlled by light limitation between October and March and by the availability of nutrients during the rest of the year. The phytoplankton nutrient demand is met by in-situ recycling processes during the summer. The likely effect of increasing and decreasing anthropogenic riverine inputs of nitrate and phosphate upon ecosystem function was also investigated. Modelling experiments indicate that increasing the nitrogen to silicate ratio in freshwater inputs increased the production of non-siliceous phytoplankton in the plume. The results of this model have been used to calculate the annual and quarterly mass balances describing the usage of inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and silicate within the plume zone for the period of the NERC North Sea survey (September 1988 to October 1989). The modelled Humber plume retains 3.9% of the freshwater dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 2.2% of the freshwater phosphate and 1.3% of the freshwater silicate input over the simulated seasonal cycle. The remainder is transported into the southern North Sea in either dissolved or particulate form. The reliability of these results is discussed.  相似文献   

云贵高原湖泊沉积物─水界面碱度扩散通量研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

吴丰昌  万国江  黄荣贵 《海洋与湖沼》1997,28(1):66-71

于１９９１－１９９５年间５次在云贵高原泸沽湖，洱海湖和贵州阿哈湖，百花湖的湖心采集沉积物柱芯，界面水和湖水样品，通过其ｐＨ值和ＨＣＯ３浓度剖面及界面碱度扩散通量的研究，首次定量评估高原湖泊界面扩散作用上不体碱度的影响程度，研究结果表明，云贵高原某些湖水寄宿时间对较长，湖水深度相对小的湖泊，界面扩散作用是水体碱度的重要来源之一，湖水寄宿时间较短，深度较小的湖泊，界面扩散对上覆水体的影响可以忽略不地。  相似文献   

Geographical distribution of fish catches and temperature variations in the northeast Atlantic since 1945     

Rögnvaldur Hannesson 《Marine Policy》2007

Warming of the northeast Atlantic is expected to affect the location and productivity of fish stocks. It is examined whether variations in catches of cod, herring, mackerel, anchovy and sardines in the ICES statistical areas are related to variations in ocean temperature. Temperatures at certain locations along the Norwegian coast are taken as proxies for temperatures in the Norwegian Sea and the North Sea. It is found that the catches of cod in the North Sea are inversely correlated with temperature and that recruitment and catches of cod in the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea are positively related to temperature. There is also some indication of a positive correlation between temperature and the catches of mackerel in the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea, and between temperature and the catches of sardines in the North Sea.  相似文献   

An evaluation of multi-annual management strategies for ICES roundfish stocks     

Kell  L.T.; Pilling  G.M.; Kirkwood  G.P.; Pastoors  M.A.; Mesnil  B.; Korsbrekke  K.; Abaunza  P.; Aps  R.; Biseau  A.; Kunzlik  P.; Needle  C.L.; Roel  B.A.; Ulrich  C. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2006,63(1):12-24

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