Groundwater demand management at local scale in rural areas of India: a strategy to ensure water well sustainability based on aquifer diffusivity and community participation   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Himanshu?KulkarniEmail author  P.?S.?Vijay Shankar  S.?B.?Deolankar  Mihir?Shah 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(2):184-196

Watershed development programmes provide an opportunity for sustainable management strategies, although currently, they remain largely supply-side mechanisms of water resources development. Hydrogeological conditions, community participation and status of groundwater usage are important in evolving strategies on demand-side groundwater management.Neemkheda aquifer is a typical low-storage, low-hydraulic conductivity aquifer from a watershed in the dryland regions of Madhya Pradesh State of central India. A shallow unconfined aquifer, it consists of an upper coarse, calcareous sandstone unit underlain by a fine-grained sandstone unit. A well commune of seven wells is poised to test the concept of joint groundwater management, wherein wells are mechanisms of tapping a common water source, the Neemkheda aquifer.The strategy for systematic groundwater management in the Neemkheda well commune is based upon the relationship between Transmissivity (T) and Storage coefficient (S), i.e. aquifer diffusivity, and its variation within the aquifer. Wells within a high diffusivity domain tend to dewater more quickly than wells within a low diffusivity domain. A well-use schedule during the dry season, based upon aquifer diffusivity forms the basis of the groundwater management concept. The distribution of local aquifer diffusivities governs the relationship between local and regional aquifer depletion times and forms the basis of the groundwater management exercise being proposed for the Neemkheda aquifer.

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Resumen Los programas de desarrollo de una cuenca hídrica son una oportunidad para el uso de estrategias de gestión sostenible, aunque hoy en día estas siguen siendo principalmente mecanismos para el desarrollo de recursos hídricos con énfasis en la oferta. Las condiciones hidrogeológicas, la participación comunitaria y la condición de utilización del agua subterránea, son importantes en el desarrollo de estrategias para la gestión del agua subterránea, desde el punto de vista de la demanda.El acuífero de Neemkheda es un acuífero típico de almacenamiento bajo y conductividad hidráulica baja, perteneciente a una cuenca hídrica ubicada en las regiones secas del Estado de Madhya Pradesh, en la parte central de India. Un acuífero de tipo libre, somero, formado por una unidad superior de arenisca calcárea de grano grueso, subyacida por una unidad de arenisca de grano fino.Un campo de pozos comunitario compuesto por siete pozos, pone a prueba el concepto de gestión conjunta del agua subterránea, dentro del cual los pozos son mecanismos para usar una fuente de agua común: El acuífero de Neemkheda.La estrategia usada para la gestión sistemática del agua subterránea, en el campo de pozos comunitario de Neemkheda, se basa en la relación existente entre Transmisividad (T) y Coeficiente de Almacenamiento (S), es decir en la Difusividad del Acuífero y en su variación observada dentro del mismo acuífero. Los pozos cuya difusividad esta dentro de un rango alto, tienden a experimentar un descenso en su nivel mas rápidamente que aquellos pozos con una difusividad baja. El concepto de gestión de agua subterránea se basa en un programa especial de operación para cada pozo durante la estación seca, el cual a su vez se basa en la difusividad del acuífero. La distribución de difusividades locales del acuífero rige las relaciones entre las épocas de descensos de nivel en el acuífero a escala regional y local, y además constituyen la base del ejercicio de la gestión del agua subterránea que se esta proponiendo para el acuífero de Neemkheda.

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Résumé Les programmes de développement des bassins versants offrent une occasion de développer des stratégies pour une gestion durable, bien qu à présent elles restent en grande mesure le terme source dans le mécanisme de développement de la ressource en eau. Les conditions hydrogéologiques, la participation de la communauté et lusage des eaux souterraines sont importants pour le terme demande dans les stratégies de gestion des eaux souterraines. Laquifère de Neemkheda presents des caractéristiques typiques pour un bassin versant dans les régions arides de létat Madhya Pradesh de lInde centrale en ce qui concerne les faible valeurs de la conductivité hydraulique et du coéfficient demmagasinement. Il sagit dun aquifère phrèatique dont la partie supérieure est constitué par des grès calcaire qui restent sur des grés plus fins. Afin dessayer le concept de gestion integrée, on a réalisé dans laquifère de Neemkheda un captage ayant sept forages qui forment la ressource en eau communale. La stratégie de la gestion systématique du captage est basée sur la relation entre la transmissivité (T), le coéfficient demmagasinement (S), donc la diffusivité hydraulique ainsi que sa variation spatiale. Les puits forés dans les zones à grande diffusivité tendent à sassècher plus vite que ceux creusés dans des zones à faible diffusivité. Le concept de la gestion des eaux souterraines est donc basé sur la distribution spatiale des diffusivités. À partir de ce concept on a développé un programme dexploitation des forages pendant les saisons sèches. La relation entre les temps d épuissment locaux et régionaux est determiné par la distribution spatiale de la diffusivitée et forme la base de lexercice sur la gestion des eaux proposée pour laquifère de Neemkheda.

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Membrane Ozonation in Wastewater Treatment     

Peter Janknecht  Cline Picard  Andr Larbot  Peter A. Wilderer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2004,32(1):33-39

The utilization of porous membranes in mass transfer processes of gaseous ozone to water was investigated. With this approach a direct control of the interface between gas and liquid is possible. Furthermore it prevents foam formation in the presence of surfactant pollution, which constitutes a problem in conventional ozonation methods. Different organic and inorganic membrane materials and geometrical arrangements were utilized and ozone transfer under varied experimental conditions was determined. Typical transfer rates obtained in the experiments were 10 g ozone per membrane square meter and hour, but under optimized conditions higher values were possible. A theoretical model was successfully applied to the results obtained. A peculiarity of the method is its inherent ozone dose control in relation to the volume flow of water.  相似文献   

Role of the Land Plume in the Transport of Ozone Over the Ocean During Indoex (1999)     

M. D. Simpson  S. Raman 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,111(1):133-152

Observations from aircraft, an island station, and tworesearch vessels are used to investigate the development of an elevated mixed layeror land plume over the Arabian sea during the Indian Ocean Experiment Intensive FieldPhase 1999 (INDOEX) through air mass modification. Much of the transport of aerosolsand gases occurs in this plume located above a well-mixed convective marine boundary layerwith a depth of 800–1000 m. The depth of the land plume isapproximately 2000 m with the peak ozone concentrations occurring near the centre of this land plume.Significant latitudinal variations in the concentration of ozone occur in the marineboundary layer and in the plume. Mean ozone concentrations in the land plume decreasedwith distance from the Indian coastline.  相似文献   

国产臭氧探空仪观测数据质量分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

郑向东  李伟 《应用气象学报》2005,16(5):608-618

对国产臭氧探空仪从2001年4月到2004年9月在北京观测的臭氧垂直分布数据的质量进行分析。对国产臭氧探空仪系统基本测量数据(包括电化学反应池池温、臭氧最大分压及其所在的高度、对流层顶的温度和高度)进行初步分析, 结果发现国产臭氧探空仪的稳定性仍需进一步提高。与地面多谱森臭氧总量观测相比, 国产臭氧探空积分的总量普遍要高,2002年至2003年之间的差别范围基本上保持在±20%以内。与国际普遍使用的双池型电化学(ECC型)臭氧探空观测结果相比, 国产臭氧探空观测臭氧分压在15 km以下、25～30km两个高度范围, 均要高于ECC测值。分析结果建议国产臭氧探空仪应尽快参与由全球大气本底监测(GAW)技术主持的世界臭氧探空仪标定中心进行标定, 并在现有的技术条件下, 向双池型电化学型臭氧探空仪这一方向发展  相似文献   

辽阳地区6～8月耗电量与气象条件关系及预报   总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

张梅  陈玉光  韩家福  董绍彤 《气象与环境学报》2006,22(2):62-64

根据2002～2004年辽阳地区逐日耗电量和气象资料,分析了6～8月耗电量与气象条件的关系。结果表明:耗电量对气温的变化最敏感,与日照、降水、相对湿度等气象要素也有一定的相关性。在此基础上建立多元回归预报模型,对每月的逐日平均、最大、最小耗电量进行预报,对建设节能型社会、提高用电效率具有应用价值。  相似文献   

Oxygen depletion off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary   总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25  

李道季  张经  黄大吉  吴莹  梁俊 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2002,45(12):1137-1146

In a survey on the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea on August 20-30 of 1999, we found a hypoxic zone (<2 mg/L) of 13700 km² with an average thickness of 20m at the bottom of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, with an oxygen minimum value of 1 mg/L. The extension of the dissolved oxygen deficiency extended to the 100m isobath in a southeastward direction along the bottom of the continental shelf of the East China Sea. During the last two decades, the minimum dissolved oxygen values in the low oxygen region of the Changjiang Estuary have decreased from 2.85 mg/L to 1 mg/L. In the hypoxic zone, the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) was 5.8 mg/L and the total oxygen depletion approximately 1.59 × 10⁶t. The strong halocline above the hypoxic zone, as a result of affluent water from the Changjiang, Taiwan Warm Current (TWC), and the high concentrations of particle organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) are the major factors causing the formation of the hypoxic zone. The POC: PON ratios and nutrient concentration distributions in the hypoxic zone suggest that the oxygen deficiency in the bottom water during the summer in the East China Sea off the Changjiang is the result of organic carbon production enhanced by nutrients from the Changjiang and fluvial organic matter input, followed by a shift in regeneration of nutrients in the East China Sea.  相似文献   

MHD model of magnetosheath flow: comparison with AMPTE/IRM observations on 24 October, 1985     

C. J. Farrugia  H. K. Biernat  N. V. Erkaev  L. M. Kistler  G. Le  C. T. Russell 《Annales Geophysicae》1998,16(5):518-527

We compare numerical results obtained from a steady-state MHD model of solar wind flow past the terrestrial magnetosphere with documented observations made by the AMPTE/IRM spacecraft on 24 October, 1985, during an inbound crossing of the magnetosheath. Observations indicate that steady conditions prevailed during this about 4 hour-long crossing. The magnetic shear at spacecraft entry into the magnetosphere was 15°. A steady density decrease and a concomitant magnetic field pile-up were observed during the 40 min interval just preceding the magnetopause crossing. In this plasma depletion layer (1) the plasma beta dropped to values below unity; (2) the flow speed tangential to the magnetopause was enhanced; and (3) the local magnetic field and velocity vectors became increasingly more orthogonal to each other as the magnetopause was approached (Phan et al., 1994). We model parameter variations along a spacecraft orbit approximating that of AMPTE/IRM, which was at slightly southern GSE latitudes and about 1.5 h postnoon Local Time. We model the magnetopause as a tangential discontinuity, as suggested by the observations, and take as input solar wind parameters those measured by AMPTE/IRM just prior to its bow shock crossing. We find that computed field and plasma profiles across the magnetosheath and plasma depletion layer match all observations closely. Theoretical predictions on stagnation line flow near this low-shear magnetopause are confirmed by the experimental findings. Our theory does not give, and the data on this pass do not show, any localized density enhancements in the inner magnetosheath region just outside the plasma depletion layer.  相似文献   

陕西榆林侏罗纪层序地层分析及其意义     

赵廷周  崔永泉  赵忠良 《陕西地质》1996,(1)

陕西榆林侏罗系可划分4个层序。通过大断面写真、钻孔断面分析发现，层序－2（延安组）是3种类型小层序的重复叠覆，可归并为9个体系域，与海相地层有较大差异。系统分析其层序地层学特征，对于恢复古盆地水动力循环系统、沉积过程及矿产预测有重要意义。  相似文献   

Kinetics of the Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals with CH2Br2 and its Implications in the Atmosphere     

Deqiang Zhang  Jinxian Zhong  Lianxiong Qiu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1997,27(2):209-215

Rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with dibromomethanehave been measured by discharge flow-resonance fluorescence technique(DF-RF) over the temperature range 288–368 K. The derived Arrheniusequation is k₁=(1.51 ± 0.37)× 10^-12 exp(-(720 ±60)/T) cm³ molec.^-1 s^-1.The tropospheric lifetime of dibromomethane has been estimated to be 0.29years. An ozone depletion potential (ODP) value of 0.10 for dibromomethanehas been obtained.  相似文献   

Ozone Vertical Profile Characteristics over Qinghai Plateau Measured by Electrochemical Concentration Cell Ozonesondes   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Liu Qijun  Zheng Xiangdong  Luo Chao  Ding Guoan  Li Xingsheng  Zhou Xiuji 《大气科学进展》1997,14(4):481-490

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