A discursive cartography of nationally determined contributions to the Paris climate agreement     

《Global Environmental Change》2019

The 2015 Paris Agreement was adopted in a geopolitical context that is very different from the post-Cold War era when the Climate Convention was negotiated. This new global climate deal responds to a more fragmented and multipolar world signified by the rise of major economies in the South. This paper examines the geopolitical landscape in which the Paris Agreement is enacted and implemented. We conduct a discursive analysis of the Nationally Determined Contributions submitted by parties to the Paris Agreement. We ask what policy discourses emerge in these national climate plans, which states cluster around them and how they compare to UNFCCC annex, geographical location, income group, and negotiation coalitions. Our findings suggest that liberal environmentalism retains a strong hold over the political imagination in the post-Paris landscape. However, we see points of diffraction and tensions that might give rise to conflict. While liberal environmentalism is only challenged in Nationally Determined Contributions from the global South, we conclude that conventional geopolitical patterns only partly explain the formation of discourse coalitions. In the Paris Agreement’s implementation stage discursive struggles are likely to become increasingly prominent. Discourse analysis facilitates understanding of disagreements on the Paris rulebook and the global stocktake.  相似文献   

美国宣布退出《巴黎协定》后全球气候减缓、资金和治理差距分析     

傅莎  柴麒敏  徐华清 《气候变化研究进展》2017,13(5):415-427

2017年6月1日,美国总统特朗普正式宣布退出《巴黎协定》,有关美国退协原因、后续影响和应对策略的研究成为国际社会关注的焦点。本文基于自主构建的美国政策评估模型,综合定性定量分析,系统评估了美国宣布退出《巴黎协定》可能造成的全球气候变化减缓、资金和治理"三大赤字",并据此提出中国的应对策略和建议。研究表明,考虑美国退协对后续政策的影响,美国2030年的排放将有可能达57.9（56.0~59.8）亿t CO₂-eq,仅相当于在2005年的水平上下降12.1%（9.1%~15.0%）,相对自主贡献目标情景将上升16.4（12.5~20.1）亿t CO₂-eq,额外增加8.8%~13.4%的全球减排赤字。美国拒绝继续履行资金支持义务还将使得本不充裕的气候资金机制更加雪上加霜,绿色气候基金（GCF）的筹资缺口将增加20亿美元,而长期气候资金（LTF）的缺口每年将增加50亿美元左右。这就要求欧盟和日本对GCF的捐助至少上升40%,同时欧盟及其成员国的长期资金支持至少上浮25.2%才能填补上述资金赤字。美国是全球气候博弈的重要一方,且美国退协的影响已蔓延至全球治理的主要议事平台,期望中欧、基础四国+等模式短期内迅速填补美国退出后全球气候治理的治理赤字是不现实的,政治推动乏力的情况可能会在今后一段时期内始终存在。虽然国际社会对中国领导全球气候治理充满期待,但中国应有清醒认识,全面评估"接盘"美国领导力的成本、效益和可行性,并秉持"国家利益"优先的原则,谋定而后动。同时,中国应聚焦国内工作,凝聚应对气候变化的战略共识,做好长期战略谋划,并积极推动国际社会从合作中寻找出路应对"三大赤字"难题。  相似文献   

3D stratigraphic forward numerical modelling approach for prediction of organic-rich deposits and their heterogeneities     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

The source rock characteristics (e.g. thickness, lateral extension, richness) are known to be highly variable in both time and space. The Lower Jurassic formations of north-western Europe contain source rocks with organic-rich intervals showing different characteristics from one region to another: the Paris Basin differs from the South-East Basin of France, but organic content and hydrogen index also vary within a single basin. During the Early Jurassic, the overall depositional environment of north-western Europe corresponded to an epicontinental domain at the western extremity of the Tethys Ocean. The early transgressive phase of the Jurassic induced flooding of this European realm. Because of the evolution of the connections and threshold of the European basins and their associated sedimentary settings, this domain occupied a key position for the deposition of organic-rich layers. Using a forward modelling approach, we aim to predict the heterogeneous characteristics of such sediments. It is widely accepted that primary productivity and preservation are key factors favouring the accumulation of organic-rich layers. However, the roles of these factors remain to be assessed and the processes leading to accumulation and preservation need to be quantified.We focus on the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian to Toarcian) in France, since this provides a vast amount of data to calibrate the 100-kyr time step model in terms of an accurate framework including paleogeography, stratigraphy, lithology, palaeontology, mineralogy and geochemistry.Results show that favourable conditions for the deposition of organic-rich sediment can occur even with moderate primary productivity and without requiring anoxic conditions. These windows are firstly dependent on internal factors directly linked to the basin morphology, such as sedimentation rate, bathymetry and distance from the coastline. We do not need to evoke external factors such as oceanic anoxic events or enhancement of primary production to account for the deposition of organic-rich sediments.  相似文献   

From Dispossession to Compensation: a political ecology of the Ord Final Agreement as a partial success story for Indigenous traditional owners     

Jessica McLean 《The Australian geographer》2012,43(4):339-355

The recent digging of a new channel for water delivery to expand irrigation in the Ord provides a good opportunity for unearthing the native title agreement that allows for intensification of agriculture there. Initial irrigation development in this north-eastern Australian catchment did not include recognition of, consultation with, or distribution of benefits to Indigenous people impacted by dam creation and land flooding. Forming agreement between those affected by previous dispossessions, and associated accumulation of wealth via mining and irrigation, with those initiating such activities was an important and challenging process. The Ord Final Agreement (OFA), formalised in 2006, came from negotiations between Miriuwung and Gajerrong traditional owners and government and private interests. Through qualitative research, I dissect the context and content of the OFA to identify the strengths and weaknesses therein. While the agreement does allow for co-management of significant land- and waterscapes, it does not provide for Indigenous water rights, showing one instance of loose ends and missing links within the Ord.  相似文献   

Braided rivers within an arid alluvial plain (example from the Lower Triassic,western German Basin): recognition criteria and expression of stratigraphic cycles     

S. BOURQUIN  F. GUILLOCHEAU  S. PÉRON 《Sedimentology》2009,56(7):2235-2264

Based on a detailed sedimentological analysis of Lower Triassic continental deposits in the western Germanic sag Basin (i.e. the eastern part of the present‐day Paris Basin: the ‘Conglomérat basal’, ‘Grès vosgien’ and ‘Conglomérat principal’ Formations), three main depositional environments were identified: (i) braided rivers in an arid alluvial plain with some preserved aeolian dunes and very few floodplain deposits; (ii) marginal erg (i.e. braided rivers, aeolian dunes and aeolian sand‐sheets); and (iii) playa lake (an ephemeral lake environment with fluvial and aeolian sediments). Most of the time, aeolian deposits in arid environments that are dominated by fluvial systems are poorly preserved and particular attention should be paid to any sedimentological marker of aridity, such as wind‐worn pebbles (ventifacts), sand‐drift surfaces and aeolian sand‐sheets. In such arid continental environments, stratigraphic surfaces of allocyclic origin correspond to bounding surfaces of regional extension. Elementary stratigraphic cycles, i.e. the genetic units, have been identified for the three main continental environments: the fluvial type, fluvial–aeolian type and fluvial/playa lake type. At the time scale of tens to hundreds of thousands of years, these high‐frequency cycles of climatic origin are controlled either by the groundwater level in the basin or by the fluvial siliciclastic sediment input supplied from the highland. Lower Triassic deposits from the Germanic Basin are preserved mostly in endoreic basins. The central part of the basin is arid but the rivers are supplied with water by precipitation falling on the remnants of the Hercynian (Variscan)–Appalachian Mountains. Consequently, a detailed study of alluvial plain facies provides indications of local climatic conditions in the place of deposition, whereas fluvial systems only reflect climatic conditions of the upstream erosional catchments.  相似文献   

Contemporary Geographies of Indigenous Rights and Interests in Rural Australia     

JOCELYN DAVIES 《The Australian geographer》2003,34(1):19-45

More than half of Australia's lands and coastal regions are now encompassed within the boundaries of native title claims. The claims and the 'native title communities' who have lodged them are shaping a new geography of Australia's lands and seascapes. These communities derive from traditional ownership and thus have a different, and more fundamentally authoritative, basis to the indigenous 'residential communities' whose representative organisations are the mechanism through which governments have promoted indigenous self-management and which dominate in public affairs. Recognition of native title provides some opportunities for indigenous people to negotiate for benefits which will address their marginalised and economically dependent status but these are limited by the protection given to non-indigenous interests and are often proving they can be very difficult to realise. Overcoming indigenous marginalisation, promoting co-existence between indigenous and other Australians, and securing sustainability in rural regions requires that institutional reform goes beyond legally bounded interpretations of where native title does and does not still exist. Rebuilding indigenous institutions for governance of country is fundamental to achieving necessary change but political will and resources to support the process are critically lacking.  相似文献   

Runoff and interrill erosion on sandy soils under cultivation in the western Paris basin: mechanisms and an attempt at measurement     

Jean Pierre Larue 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2001,26(9):971-989

Measurements made on different scales, such as rainfall simulations on 1 m² and 20 m² experimental plots and water sampling at the outlet of a watershed, enable the analysis of the mechanisms of pluvial erosion and therefore the importance of runoffs and soil losses in the hilly and sandy parts of the western Paris basin. Interrill erosion accounts for slow transfer of materials towards the lower part of plots and slopes. The overland flow caused by restructuring of the surface Tertiary and Cenomanian soils erodes some 150 to 200 kg ha^?1 during the month following sowing. Only a part of these deposits reach the river, which carries away less than 50 kg ha^?1 each month. Interrill erosion makes slopes still more uneven, fills in valley bottoms, and so paves the way to catastrophic erosion, which scoops out rises in the ground and colluvial deposits in the lower part of slopes and valley bottoms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Credited forest carbon sinks: how the cost reduction is allocated among countries and sectors     

Johanna Pohjola  Leena Kerkelä  Raisa Mäkipää 《Climate Policy》2003,3(4):445-461

Forest carbon sinks have been included in the Kyoto Protocol as one of the mechanisms for mitigating climate change. Consequently, credited sinks decrease the need to reduce emissions. We analyse in detail both the economywide and the sectoral effects of inclusion of carbon sinks as agreed upon in Bonn and Marrakesh for the first commitment period of 2008–2012. The focus of our analysis is the special treatment for Canada and Japan that allows them larger sinks. The analysis is performed with the multi-region computable general equilibrium (CGE) model GTAP-E.New Zealand benefits most from the inclusion of sinks as it gains large carbon sinks from afforestation. Also in Sweden, Canada and Japan the costs of achieving the emission target are considerably reduced. Of these countries, only Canada has high costs without sinks. Thus credited sinks partly reduce the difference in economic burden of achieving the Kyoto target among countries. Even though larger sinks clearly benefit Canada and Japan, their effect on other countries, either on the economywide or on the sectoral level, remains marginal. Allowing larger sinks is, indeed, of relatively minor importance for the world economy and emission reduction, compared to the US withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol.  相似文献   

Variabilité spatiale du signal palynologique dans le bassin de Paris à la limite Dogger–Malm     

Vincent Huault  Marcel Élie  Régine Ruck-Mosser 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(4):401-409

The drilling of new cores performed for ANDRA in eastern France allowed us to compare palynological data between central and eastern parts of the Paris Basin. Such a comparison, which was also motivated by the existence of a set of geochemical data in contradiction with the first palynological results, showed a spatial differentiation in palynological record from the Oxfordian. Such a palynological signal could result from overlapping of both local and global signals, the latter being in connection with the contemporaneous opening of proto-Atlantic Ocean. It could also be of major palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic interest. To cite this article: V. Huault et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).  相似文献   

Signification du signal isotopique (δ18O, δ13C) des carbonates néritiques : composante diagénétique et composante originelle (Jurassique supérieur de l'Est du bassin de Paris,France)     

Benoı̂t Vincent  Laurent Emmanuel  Jean-Paul Loreau 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(1):29-39

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