Vehicle tax policies and new passenger car CO2 performance in EU member states     

Denis Dineen  Brian Ó Gallachóir 《Climate Policy》2018,18(4):396-412

This article explores the causes for differences in the average CO₂ emissions intensity of the new passenger car (NPC) fleet in member states (MS) across Europe. Although EU policies mitigating CO₂ emissions from NPCs have been in place since 1999, MS strongly diverge in the absolute amount and relative change in emissions over the last decade. The authors employ a qualitative approach to analyse the factors, in particular national vehicle taxes, contributing to this divergence and the relative contribution of national and European policies in reducing national CO₂ emissions from NPCs. The analysis shows that there has been a significant reduction in CO₂ emissions intensity of NPCs since 2007 across most MS, compared with the six years previous to that date. This would indicate that EU-wide policies, such as the CO₂ vehicles regulation, along with the economic recession in 2008, have influenced national NPC CO₂ emissions. Generally, countries with CO₂-differentiated vehicle taxes are observed as more likely to have achieved greater reductions in CO₂ emissions. However, over the same period there have been many confounding factors, such as economic instability in the EU, that also influence NPC emissions. Using more detailed case study analyses of six countries, the authors find that there is scope for well-designed national vehicle tax policies to drive NPC emissions down further than the EU average. In countries with the highest success rate, such as the Netherlands, the design of the vehicle tax, as part of a well-aligned policy package, has been very important in delivering the biggest reductions in CO₂ emissions from NPCs.

POLICY RELEVANCE

The transport sector continues to be an intractable source of CO₂ emissions. Governments around the world are seeking effective policies to deal with the increase in passenger car CO₂ emissions appropriate to their own circumstances. This article examines the experience of EU MS with CO₂-differentiated vehicle taxes in reducing CO₂ emissions in the context of other national and international contributing factors. It should therefore both be useful to policy makers and contribute to climate policy research in general.  相似文献   

区际贸易隐含碳排放转移研究进展与展望   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李富佳 《地理科学进展》2018,37(10):1303-1313

区际贸易隐含碳排放转移是导致区际碳泄漏、碳减排权责失衡等问题的重要原因,对全球碳排放格局及碳减排效果影响重大。研究区际碳转移时空格局演化规律和内在驱动机理,研制针对性碳转移优化调控方案,对提升区域整体碳减排效率和经济生态综合效益,具有重要现实意义,近年来已引起了国内外学者越来越多的关注,逐渐成为区域可持续发展和生态经济研究的热点问题之一。本文对国内外区际碳转移的相关研究成果进行了梳理,重点总结了对中国省际隐含碳转移问题研究的进展和成果应用情况,展望了区际贸易碳转移问题未来研究的方向：进一步重视国际、省际碳排放转移间的协同研究,揭示区际碳排放转移的动态驱动力及驱动机理,探索创新基于共同责任的省际碳转移减排机制等。  相似文献   

Analysis of the Water Environmental Capacity of Zhongba-Nyingchi Section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River     

ZHAO Xiang  LIU Zhaofei  WANG Rui  YAO Zhijun 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,9(6):690-699

The Yarlung Tsangpo River, the longest river in Tibet, houses most of the population and economy in Tibet Autonomous province. Under the rapid development of economy and society in Tibet, the pollution in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin has rapidly increased. Evaluating water quality and water environmental capacity is needed for water resource management in Tibet. This study used a single factor evaluation method to evaluate water quality of the Zhongba-Nyingchi section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River based on measured data of COD_Cr, NH3-N and TP in the study area. Based on these data, determinations of ideal water environmental capacity, emissions of pollutants and remaining water environmental capacity of the study area were made by a one-dimensional steady water quality model under either section-head control or cross-section control. The data indicate that most of the monitoring sections in the study area experienced good water quality. The three pollutants all had large remaining water environmental capacity generally, but TP exceeded state levels in the two upstream functional areas, and levels above state standards of COD_Cr and TP were found in several calculation cells of the two downstream functional areas. Therefore, emissions of pollutants need to be reduced to protect the water environment quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo River.  相似文献   

Study of Factors Affecting Carbon Emissions— Based on an Empirical Analysis of ASEAN     

TIAN Wenju  XU Zheng 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,9(5):500-507

This paper uses a VAR model to empirically analyze the impact of economic growth, financial development, and urbanization on carbon emissions of the ASEAN countries from 2000 to 2013. The empirical results show that economic growth and carbon emissions, and financial development and carbon emissions have unidirectional Granger causality relationships. Economic growth and urbanization will increase carbon emissions, while financial development will reduce carbon emissions during the initial stage but have little impact on carbon emissions over the long term. Economic growth and urbanization are the main variables to forecast the degree of variance of carbon emissions, while financial development is the least important variable to forecast the degree of variance of carbon emissions. Finally, this study puts forward policy suggestions on improving environmental quality as economic growth, financial development and urbanization occur.  相似文献   

对称和非对称载荷下声发射特征的数值模拟研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘红元  唐春安  杨天鸿  李连崇 《岩土力学》2001,22(4):383-388

利用自行开发的岩石破裂过程分析RFPA^2D系统，研究了对称载荷和非对称载荷下岩样的破坏过程以及破坏过程中所呈现的声发射特征。数值模拟结果演示两种条件下由微破裂诱致宏观破坏的演化过程以及和微破裂相关的声发射事件源的空间分布特征和事件序列特征。数值模拟结果指出，和对称载荷压缩实验相比，两者的最大区别在于在非对称载荷压缩实验中局部的剪切破坏的发生以及一个更加局部化的声发射事件源分布。从物理意义上讲非对称载荷实验提供了在预定破裂路径下研究脆性破坏的方法，从声发射研究方面来说非对称实验比对称实验能更好地观察声发射事件源的局部化。  相似文献   

Methane emission measurements in urban areas in Eastern Germany     

Joanne H. Shorter  J. Barry Mcmanus  Charles E. Kolb  Eugene J. Allwine  Brian K. Lamb  Byard W. Mosher  Robert C. Harriss  Uwe Partchatka  Horst Fischer  Geoffrey W. Harris  Paul J. Crutzen  Hans-Josef Karbach 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,24(2):121-140

We have investigated methane emissions from urban sources in the former East Germany using innovative measurement techniques including a mobile real-time methane instrument and tracer release experiments. Anthropogenic and biogenic sources were studied with the emphasis on methane emissions from gas system sources, including urban distribution facilities and a production plant. Methane fluxes from pressure regulating stations ranged from 0.006 to 24. l/min. Emissions from diffuse sources in urban areas were also measured with concentration maps and whole city flux experiments. The area fluxes of the two towns studied were 0.37 and 1.9 g/m²/s. The emissions from individual gas system stations and total town emissions of this study are comparable to results of similar sites examined in the United States.  相似文献   

Ambient biogenic hydrocarbons and isoprene emissions from a mixed deciduous forest     

J. D. Fuentes  D. Wang  H. H. Neumann  T. J. Gillespie  G. Den Hartog  T. F. Dann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,25(1):67-95

Experiments were conducted during the growing season of 1993 at a mixed deciduous forest in southern Ontario, Canada to investigate the atmospheric abundance of hydrocarbons from phytogenic origins, and to measure emission rates from foliage of deciduous trees. The most abundant phytogenic chemical species found in the ambient air were isoprene and the monoterpenes -pinene and -pinene. Prior to leaf-bud break during spring, ambient hydrocarbon mixing ratios above the forest remained barely above instrument detection limit (20 parts per trillion), but they became abundant during the latter part of the growing season. Peak isoprene mixing ratios reached nearly 10 parts per billion (ppbv) during mid-growing season while maximum monoterpene mixing ratios were close to 2 ppbv. Both isoprene and monoterpene mixing ratios exhibited marked diurnal variations. Typical isoprene mixing ratios were highest during mid-afternoon and were lowest during nighttime. Peak isoprene mixing ratios coincided with maximum canopy temperature. The diurnal pattern of ambient isoprene mixing ratio was closely linked to the local emissions from foliage. Isoprene emission rates from foliage were measured by enclosing branches of trees inside environment-controlled cuvette systems and measuring the gas mixing ratio difference between cuvette inlet and outlet airstream. Isoprene emissions depended on tree species, foliage ontogeny, and environmental factors such as foliage temperature and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). For instance, young (<1 month old) aspen leaves released approximately 80 times less isoprene than mature (>3 months old) leaves. During the latter part of the growing season the amount of carbon released back to the atmosphere as isoprene by big-tooth and trembling aspen leaves accounted for approximately 2% of the photosynthetically fixed carbon. Significant isoprene mixing ratio gradients existed between the forest crown and at twice canopy height above the ground. The gradient diffusion approach coupled with similarity theory was used to estimate canopy isoprene flux densities. These canopy fluxes compared favorably with values obtained from a multilayered canopy model that utilized locally measured plant microclimate, biomass distribution and leaf isoprene emission rate data. Modeled isoprene fluxes were approximately 30% higher compared to measured fluxes. Further comparisons between measured and modeled canopy biogenic hydrocarbon flux densities are required to assess uncertainties in modeling systems that provide inventories of biogenic hydrocarbons.  相似文献   

近20年来中国能源消费碳排放时空格局动态   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

高长春  刘贤赵  李朝奎  张勇  余光辉  宿庆  田艳林 《地理科学进展》2016,35(6):747-757

CO₂等温室气体引起的全球气候变暖是对人类社会可持续发展的严峻挑战。基于IPCC提供的参考方法,在对中国大陆30个省区(不含西藏)能源消费碳排放量估算的基础上,运用ESTDA框架,通过ESDA、LISA时间路径、时空跃迁和标准差椭圆等方法,从时空耦合的角度分析了1995-2014年中国能源消费碳排放时空格局动态性。结果表明：①近20年来中国省域碳排放具有显著的空间正相关性,碳排放空间差异呈先缩小后扩大的趋势;②LISA时间路径分析显示,中国大部分省区的局部空间结构具有较强的稳定性,1995-2001年和2002-2014年2个时段相对长度都小于平均长度的省区均为18个,大部分南方省区在空间依赖方向上的波动性呈增强趋势,而北方大多数省区则保持相对稳定;③出现协同运动的省区由1995-2001年的13个下降到2002-2014年的10个,表明中国碳排放空间格局具有一定的空间整合性,但呈减弱趋势;④中国省域碳排放的局部空间关联模式和集聚特征具有较强的稳定性,表现为一定的路径依赖或空间锁定特征;⑤碳排放重心在113.739°~114.324°E、34.475°~35.036°N之间变动,整体上有向西北方向移动的趋势。中国碳排放空间分布呈东北—西南格局,且有逐步向正北—正南转变的趋势。中国碳减排的重点是加快发展清洁能源与提高能效并重,优化能源结构和促进各省区产业结构转型,制定差异化的省域碳减排政策,建立碳交易制度。  相似文献   

Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period     

Igor Shishlov  Romain Morel  Valentin Bellassen 《Climate Policy》2016,16(6):768-782

This article provides an ex post analysis of the compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol during the first commitment period (2008–2012) based on the final data for national GHG emissions and exchanges in carbon units that became available at the end of 2015. On the domestic level, among the 36 countries that fully participated in the Kyoto Protocol, only nine countries emitted higher levels of GHGs than committed and therefore had to resort to flexibility mechanisms. On the international level – i.e. after the use of flexibility mechanisms – all Annex B Parties are in compliance. Countries implemented different compliance strategies: purchasing carbon units abroad, stimulating the domestic use of carbon credits by the private sector and incentivizing domestic emission reductions through climate policies.

Overall, the countries party to the Protocol surpassed their aggregate commitment by an average 2.4 GtCO₂e yr^–1. Of the possible explanations for this overachievement, ‘hot-air’ was estimated at 2.2 GtCO₂e yr^–1, while accounting rules for land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) further removed 0.4 GtCO₂e yr^–1 from the net result excluding LULUCF. The hypothetical participation of the US and Canada would have reduced this overachievement by a net 1 GtCO₂e yr^–1. None of these factors – some of which may be deemed illegitimate – would therefore on its own have led to global non-compliance, even without use of the 0.3 GtCO₂e of annual emissions reductions generated by the Clean Development Mechanism. The impact of domestic policies and ‘carbon leakage’ – neither of which is quantitatively assessed here – should not be neglected either.

Policy relevance

Given the ongoing evolution of the international climate regime and the adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, we believe that there is a need to evaluate the results of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. To our knowledge there has been no overarching quantitative ex post assessment of the Kyoto Protocol based on the final emissions data for 2008–2012, which became available in late 2015. This article attempts to fill this gap, focusing on the domestic and international compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period.  相似文献   

一个基于打靶法的大气污染源反演自适应算法     

冯帆  王自发  唐晓 《大气科学》2016,40(4):719-729

污染源反演对大气污染预报及控制有重要意义。目前普遍采用的源反演统计方法存在对观测误差、源清单先验估计误差敏感等弱点。基于打靶法思想的各种算法以其精度高、程序简单、实用性强的特点被广泛应用于系统控制领域。本文提出的基于打靶法思想的大气污染源反演自适应算法在精度高、算法简明的基础上弥补了统计方法的不足:能处理源清单中的大误差、初值大误差、观测值在个别时间点的大误差;无需先验分布假设及误差估计。本文还以简单模型的理想试验为例,展示了该自适应算法的计算效果。  相似文献