Clustering spatial–temporal precipitation data using wavelet transform and self-organizing map neural network     

Kuo-Chin Hsu  Sheng-Tun Li 《Advances in water resources》2010

A data analysis method is proposed to cluster and explore spatio-temporal characteristics of the 22 years of precipitation data (1982–2003) for Taiwan. The wavelet transform self-organizing map (WTSOM) framework combines the wavelet transform (WT) and a self-organizing map (SOM) neural network. WT is used to extract dynamic and multiscale features of the non-stationary precipitation time-series, and SOM is applied to objectively identify spatially homogeneous clusters on the high-dimensional wavelet-transformed feature space. Haar and Morlet wavelets are applied in the data preprocessing stage to preserve the desired characteristics of the precipitation data. A two-level SOM neural network is applied to identify clusters in the wavelet space in the clustering stage. The performance of clustering is evaluated using silhouette coefficients. The results indicate that singularities or sharp transitions are more significant than changes in the periodicity or data structure in the spatial–temporal precipitation data. The WTSOM results show that six clusters are optimal for both Haar and Morlet wavelet functions, but their corresponding geographic locations are different. The geographic locations of clusters based on the Haar wavelet, which captures the occurrence of extreme hydrological events, appear in blocks while those classified by the Morlet wavelet, which indicates periodicity changes and describes fine structures, appear in strips that cross the island of Taiwan. Principal component analysis is applied to the precipitation data of each cluster. The first principal components explain 62–90% of the total variation of data. Characteristics of precipitation data for each cluster are explored using scalogram analysis. The results show that both extreme hydrological events and periodicity changes appear in the spatial and temporal precipitation data but with different characteristics for each cluster. Recognizing homogeneous hydrologic regions and identifying the associated precipitation characteristics improves the efficiency of water resources management in adapting to climate change, preventing the degradation of the water environment, and reducing the impact of climate-induced disasters. Measures for countering the stress of precipitation variation for water resources management are provided.  相似文献   

芙蓉洞洞穴水离子浓度和元素比值变化特征及其环境意义   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

衣成城  李廷勇  李俊云  王建力  向晓晶  白莹  唐亮亮  谢世友 《中国岩溶》2011,30(2):200-207

通过对芙蓉洞2006年3月—2009年2月期间泉水和洞穴滴水、池水的地球化学指标监测,结合当地的器测数据,初步认为洞穴滴水的Sr2+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度及其比值既取决于环境降水和温度的变化,也受到上覆岩土作用的影响。芙蓉洞外山上的6#泉水Ca2+平均浓度为45.81mg/L,洞内1#、3#滴水Ca2+的平均浓度64.59mg/L,2#和4#池水中由于Ca2+沉积,浓度下降到24.74mg/L,下降了大约61.7%。Mg2+和Sr2+的浓度在泉水、滴水和池水中的变化规律与Ca2+基本一致。各种水体中Cl-的浓度变化幅度较小,平均浓度为1.72±0.2mg/L。岩溶水与基岩作用时间长短以及运移过程中Ca2+的前期沉积作用对各元素与离子含量变化具有重要作用。旱季Ca2+的前期沉积作用和雨季基岩的溶蚀及雨水的稀释作用主导着岩溶水中Mg/Ca与Sr/Ca的变化,这些指标能对干旱和洪涝等极端气候事件做出响应。   相似文献   

基于投入产出模型的大型活动对举办地的经济影响——以广交会为例   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

罗秋菊  庞嘉文  靳文敏 《地理学报》2011,66(4):487-503

事件活动的经济影响评估是国外近20 年来的研究热点,然而近年来遭到很多质疑和争论,国内在该领域的理论和实证研究仍处于起步阶段。一年两届的广交会对举办城市具有持续的深远影响,是城市大型活动的典范。本研究以104 与105 届广交会为案例,采用问卷调查及深度访谈法收集广交会所有参与者的消费支出与结构,并运用投入产出模型评估广交会对广州市间接经济影响。结论表明城市定期举办的大型商务活动对举办地的许多产业部门具有很强的拉动效应,对当地经济产生明显的持续性的经济效应;一届广交会对广州市的直接与间接效应合计163.24 亿元,其中直接经济效应55.26 亿元,间接经济效应为107.98 亿元,直接与间接效应之比为1:1.95;2008 年104 届广交会的直接与间接效应总和占广州市全年GDP的1.98%;参与者对广州的经济拉动作用依次为采购商、参展企业、参展个人、承办方、交易团。此外,本文还特别就研究结论存有高估或低估倾向进行了探究。  相似文献   

2008年中国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害网络建模及演化机制研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李双双  杨赛霓  刘宪锋  刘焱序 《地理研究》2015,34(10):1887-1896

基于中国0.5°×0.5°逐日气温和降水格网数据,利用复杂网络分析方法,对2008年南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害综合致灾过程进行再认识,综合分析低温雨雪冰冻灾害在时空维度的网络特性。结果表明：2008年南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害是典型的多灾种叠加事件,低温与雨雪灾害叠加放大了致灾因子的危险性;基础设施设防水平低与春运高峰叠加增大了承灾体的脆弱性;低山丘陵区与人口聚集区叠加降低了孕灾环境的稳定性。低温冰冻雨雪灾害具有小世界特征和核心—边缘结构,具体表现为：在空间打击上具有集聚性,影响区域相对集中;在时间打击上具有连续性,间隔1天事件相对较少。在研究方法上,复杂网络是一种有效分析多灾种叠加的方法,可以进一步挖掘自然灾害的时空演化信息。  相似文献   

气候变化与人体健康   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

周晓农 《气候变化研究进展》2010,6(4):235-240

综述了气候变化与人类健康的关系,着重分析了气候变化对人体健康影响的主要方面与途径、适应气候变化的主要措施,提出了气候变化与人体健康关系研究中的科学问题及优先研究领域。并从国家层面上探讨了如何加强能力建设与制度建设等保障措施。  相似文献   

近60年来厄尔尼诺事件对广东省旱灾的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

唐晓春  袁中友 《地理研究》2010,29(11):1932-1939

厄尔尼诺是影响全球的大尺度气候现象,对广东省的气候也有影响。在对厄尔尼诺事件进行系统分类研究的基础上,利用X²检验和条件概率检验的方法,对近60年来厄尔尼诺事件与广东省旱灾的关系进行研究,结果表明:广东省的旱灾和厄尔尼诺关系较为密切,23次旱灾,有17次和厄尔尼诺事件有关。研究还发现厄尔尼诺事件的强度、发生的季节以及持续的时间与广东省旱灾的发生有一定关系:中等及强厄尔尼诺事件往往会导致广东省旱灾的发生;春季和秋季发生的厄尔尼诺事件,广东省不易发生旱灾,而夏季发生的厄尔尼诺事件则广东省易发生旱灾; 发生连续性的厄尔尼诺事件时,广东省易发生旱灾。  相似文献   

Timing and prediction of climate change and hydrological impacts: periodicity in natural variations     

Y. Jeffrey Yang  James A. Goodrich 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(5):1065-1078

Hydrological impacts from climate change are of principal interest to water resource policy-makers and practicing engineers. Predictive climatic models have been extensively investigated to quantify the impacts. Palaeoclmatic investigations, on the other hand, show unequivocal and strong periodicity of climate variations in proxy evidence. Yet how to use the periodicity in future hydroclimatic timing and forecasting has received less attention. This paper examines the periodicity in Pleistocene–Holocene glacial–interglacial events and in modern precipitation records, and discusses a way in which the periodicity is used for hydroclimatic predictions. The analysis, based on published CO₂, ΔT (δ²H) and δ¹⁸O proxy data of polar ice cores and deep oceanic benthic fossils, shows a periodicity in a ~100, ~40 or 25 kyear duration consistent with Milankovitch orbital regulations during the glacial–interglacial periods. On a fine time scale, millennium and multi-decadal periodicity is observed in high-resolution proxy variations of Greenland ice cores and in instrumental precipitation records of the contiguous USA. A basic periodicity of decadal and multi-decadal changes in ~20 and ~10–15 year duration is apparent in wavelet frequency analysis of both ice core proxy and precipitation data. While the kyear-scale periodicity is found of global prevalence, the millennium and decadal variations vary in space and are region-specific. Based on these findings, a generalized time-downscaling hierarchy of periodicity is proposed as a potential approach for timing and forecasting future hydroclimatic conditions at a resolution relevant to the water resources engineering and management.  相似文献   

A Kaapvaal craton debate: Nucleus of an early small supercontinent or affected by an enhanced accretion event?   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Patrick G. Eriksson  Santanu Banerjee  David R. Nelson  Martin J. Rigby  Octavian Catuneanu  Subir Sarkar  R. James Roberts  Dmitry Ruban  Mtimkulu N. Mtimkulu  P.V. Sunder Raju 《Gondwana Research》2009,15(3-4):354-372

Incorporation of the Kaapvaal craton within a speculative Neoarchaean–Palaeoproterozoic supercontinent has long been debated, and this idea provides a potential solution to solving the apparently enigmatic provenance of the huge quantities of gold within the famous Witwatersrand auriferous deposits of Kaapvaal. Within a framework of a postulated Neoarchaean “Kenorland” (“northern”; present-day reference) supercontinent, we examine possible “southern” cratons that may have been contiguous with Kaapvaal: Pilbara, Zimbabwe, Dharwar, São Francisco, Amazon, Congo. Brief reviews of their basic geology and inferred evolution in syn-Witwatersrand basin times (c. 3.1–2.8 Ga) show no obvious support for any such supercontinental amalgamations. An alternative idea to explain a measure of gross similarity amongst several Neoarchaean cratons is through global events, such as a c. 3125–3000 Ma cratonic-scale erosive event interpreted for both Pilbara and Kaapvaal, and a much more widespread magmatic event at c. 2760–2680 Ma. We postulate that a global superplume event at c. 3.0 Ga included a plume beneath the Kaapvaal cratonic nucleus, thus halting any subduction around that terrane due to the thermal anomaly. Such a speculative global magmatic event is assumed to have enhanced production of juvenile oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges, including those “offshore” of the thermally elevated Kaapvaal nucleus. Intra-oceanic obduction complexes may have built up fairly rapidly under such conditions, globally, and once the plume event had abated, “normal” plate tectonics would have resulted in composite (greenstone-tonalite, possibly also including granite) terranes accreting with nuclei such as Kaapvaal. This enhanced plume-related cratonic growth can be seen as a rapid accretion event. Formation of the envisaged ophiolite complexes possibly encompassed deformation-related first-order concentration of gold, and once accretion occurred around Kaapvaal's nucleus, from north and west (present-day frame of reference), a second-order (deformation-related) gold concentration may have resulted. The third order of gold concentration would logically have occurred once placer systems reworked detritus derived from the orogens along the N and W margins of Kaapvaal. Such conditions and placer gold deposits are known from many Neoarchaean cratons. The initial source of gold was presumably from the much hotter Mesoarchaean mantle and may have been related to major changes in Earth's tectonic regime at c. 3.0 Ga. The unique nature of Kaapvaal is probably its early stabilization, enabling formation of a complex flexural foreland basin system, in which vast quantities of placer sediments and heavy minerals could be deposited, and preserved from younger denudation through a unique post-Witwatersrand history.  相似文献   

Influence of interaction between small asperities on various types of slow earthquakes in a 3-D simulation for a subduction plate boundary   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Keisuke Ariyoshi  Takane Hori  Jean-Paul Ampuero  Yoshiyuki Kaneda  Toru Matsuzawa  Ryota Hino  Akira Hasegawa 《Gondwana Research》2009,16(3-4):534-544

Recently, the occurrence of slow earthquakes such as low-frequency earthquakes and very low-frequency earthquakes have been recognized at depths of about 30 km in southwest Japan and Cascadia. These slow earthquakes occur sometimes in isolation and sometimes break into chain-reaction, producing tremor that migrates at a speed of about 5–15 km/day and suggesting a strong interaction among nearby small asperities. In this study, we formulate a 3-D subduction plate boundary model with two types of small asperities chained along the trench at the depth of 30 km. Our simulation succeeds in representing various types of slow earthquakes including low-frequency earthquakes and rapid slip velocity in the same asperity, and indicates that interaction between asperities may cause the very low-frequency earthquakes. Our simulation also shows chain reaction along trench with propagation speed that can be made consistent with observations by adjusting model parameters, which suggests that the interactions also explain the observed migration of slow earthquakes.  相似文献   

Field observations of the June 30, 2001 debris flow at Acquabona (Dolomites, Italy)   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Pia Rosella Tecca  Rinaldo Genevois 《Landslides》2009,6(1):39-45

On June 30, 2001, a debris flow occurred in the Acquabona Creek, a small catchment of the Eastern Dolomites, Italy. This debris flow originated shortly after an intense rainstorm, characterised by a peak intensity of 8.6 mm per 10 min; it transported a total volume of 30,000 m³, consisting of poorly sorted gravely sand with boulders up to 3 m in diameter. The sediment erosion yield rate reached as high as 20 m³/m. In order to verify the accuracy of the field measurements, the total volume of debris deposits have was calculated using three different topographic measurement techniques: 3D laser scanning, terrestrial stereo-photogrammetry survey and total topographic station survey. Data collected so far show that no debris flow has occurred at Acquabona with a rainfall intensity lower than 4.6 mm per 10 min. Channel cross section measurements indicate that debris flow velocity ranges from 2.0 to 7.2 m/s along the lower flow channel and peak discharge ranges between 22 and 300 m³/s. Field estimates of the rheological properties indicate a yield strength ranging from 2,088 to 5,313 Pa and Bingham viscosity between 70 and 337 Pa · s. It is not still possible to identify a rainfall intensity and amount threshold for debris flow triggering, but the data so far collected emphasise that debris flows do not occur with a rainfall intensity lower than 4.6 mm per 10 min.  相似文献