Temporal trends and spatial characteristics of drought and rainfall in arid and semiarid regions of Iran   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Hossein Tabari  Hirad Abghari  P. Hosseinzadeh Talaee 《水文研究》2012,26(22):3351-3361

Drought, a normal recurrent event in arid and semiarid lands such as Iran, is typically of a temporary nature usually leaving little permanent aftermath. In the current study, the rainfall and drought severity time series were analyzed at 10 stations in the eastern half of Iran for the period 1966–2005. The drought severity was computed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for a 12‐month timescale. The trend analyses of the data were also performed using the Kendall and Spearman tests. The results of this study showed that the rainfall and drought severity data had high variations to average values in the study period, and these variations increased with increasing aridity towards the south of the study area. The negative serial correlations found in the seasonal and annual rainfall time series were mostly insignificant. The trend tests detected a significant decreasing trend in the spring rainfall series of Birjand station at the rate of 8.56 mm per season per decade and a significant increasing trend in the summer rainfall series of Torbateheydarieh station at the rate of 0.14 mm per season per decade, whereas the rest of the trends were insignificant. Furthermore, the 12‐month values of the standardized precipitation index decreased at all the stations except Zabol during the past four decades. During the study period, all of the stations experienced at least one extreme drought which mainly occurred in the winter season. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Comparison of daily streamflow forecasts using extreme learning machines and the random forest method   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

《水文科学杂志》2012,57(15):1857-1866

ABSTRACT

Daily streamflow forecasting is a challenging and essential task for water resource management. The main goal of this study was to compare the accuracy of five data-driven models: extreme learning machine (basic ELM), extreme learning machine with kernels (ELM-kernel), random forest (RF), back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and support vector machine (SVR). The results show that the ELM-kernel model provided a superior alternative to the other models, and the basic ELM model had the poorest performance. To further evaluate the predictive capacities of the five models, the estimations of low flow and high flow in the testing dataset were compared. The RF model was slightly superior to the other models in predicting the peak flows, and the ELM-kernel model showed the highest prediction precision of low flows. There was no single model that showed obvious advantages over the other models in this study. Therefore, further exploration is required for the hydrological forecasting problems.  相似文献   

水平引潮力极值天体时角表征与调制的讨论     

顾瑾萍  郭铁栓  姜龙 《中国地震》2012,28(1):61-68

讨论了引潮力与中、强地震发生的可能关系。进行了水平引潮力极值条件分析,研究了满足水平引潮力极值条件下的天体时角表征的地震活动可能存在的应力调制。其技术途径是在一定的时窗内,通过地震目录资料的天体时角计算,求出满足水平引潮力极值条件时所出现的调制地震活动场的时空特征,继而研究这些时空特征与未来中强地震三要素的关联,以期获取地震预测信息。  相似文献   

混凝土小砌块约束砌体结构的抗震性能——基于层间位移的分析     

左淑红  熊立红  田志敏 《世界地震工程》2012,28(2):64-71

混凝土小砌块约束砌体结构,由于加入芯柱、构造柱、圈梁,使结构整体性提高,因此具有较好的抗震性能和发展前景。通过整理94个混凝土小砌块约束砌体墙片试验数据,考虑权重,统计了混凝土小砌块约束砌体墙片延性系数,给出了延性系数与高度、延性系数比与高宽的关系,同时给出了层间开裂位移角、层间极限位移角公式,以及接近倒塌时混凝土小砌块约束砌体结构层间位移的计算公式,并与一个八层混凝土小砌块约束砌体结构的动力时程分析结果进行了对比,结果显示,最大误差在顶层,为17.7%,因此,所提层间位移计算公式是可以满足工程精度需要的,为混凝土小砌块约束砌体结构基于性态的抗震分析提供参考。  相似文献   

21世纪前中期三江源地区极端气候事件变化趋势分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

李红梅  李林  张金旭  时兴合  申红艳  王振宇 《冰川冻土》2012,34(6):1403-1408

利用国家气候中心发布的IPCC SRES A1B温室气体排放情景下水平分辨率为25 km的连续气候变化模拟试验数据, 分析了三江源地区极端气候事件变化趋势.结果显示: 2001-2050年冷暖等级呈显著增高趋势, 其中以夏季变化最为明显, 冬季变化最小; 极端高温事件发生频次呈显著增多趋势, 而极端低温事件总体呈显著减少趋势; 干湿等级呈不显著增高趋势, 四季中只有冬季干湿等级呈减小趋势, 其余三季均呈升高趋势; 干燥和暴雨事件发生频次均呈显著增多趋势.地形尤其是经、 纬度和海拔对极端气候事件的变化趋势有明显的影响.  相似文献   

极端冰雪灾害条件下松散堆积体边坡演化分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

缪海波  殷坤龙  邢林啸  张卓燕 《岩土力学》2012,33(1):147-153

针对2008年初南方罕见的极端冰雪气候,为研究其与地质灾害的相关性,探讨了极端冰雪灾害条件下均质松散堆积体边坡的演化特征。比较了融雪与降雨触发滑坡的异同点,通过具体事例分析了融雪触发滑坡灾害的一般规律。引入度日因子与雪雨当量两个物理量,根据南方极端冰雪气候特征建立了简化的有效融雪模型,并从渗流场、稳定性及变形3个方面模拟计算在不同雨雪当量下均质松散堆积体坡体的演化特征。结果表明,一定的融雪速率与融雪量对松散堆积体边坡渗流场无影响。随着融雪的持续,非饱和区基质吸力逐渐减小,坡体整体稳定性逐渐降低。坡面上水平位移与竖向位移逐渐增大,表现为水平方向上前缘变形大于后缘,竖直方向上后缘下错与前缘隆起。在融雪持续一段时间后,坡体失稳破坏。  相似文献   

中国极端气温季节变化对全球变暖减缓的响应分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王岱  游庆龙  江志红  李庆祥 《冰川冻土》2016,38(1):36-46

利用经过质量控制和均一化处理的中国气象站点1979-2014年逐月最高气温和最低气温资料,对806个无缺测站的数据进行趋势分析和比较,并且计算了各季节对变暖减缓的贡献率,结果表明:中国区域极端气温(最高和最低气温)存在变暖减缓或变冷现象,而不同区域在不同季节对全球变暖减缓的响应程度不同.相比于1979-1999年,2000-2014年极端气温在全国大部分地区春、冬季有明显的变暖减缓或者变冷现象,在长江流域以北大部分地区极端气温在夏季变暖减缓或变冷现象明显,而秋季全国大部分地区最低气温有明显的增暖现象.全国许多地区春季是导致极端气温变暖减缓或变冷的最主要季节,而夏、秋、冬季则是导致部分地区变暖减缓或变冷的主要季节,此外秋季也是导致全国许多地区最低气温变暖的最主要季节.我国大部分地区2000-2014年的变暖减缓或变冷趋势可能受太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)冷位相的调控,而PDO冷位相对最低气温的影响范围更大一些.  相似文献   

2009/2010年我国西南秋冬春连旱特征及其大气环流异常分析     

段海霞  王劲松  刘芸芸  李忆平  王素萍 《冰川冻土》2013,35(4):1022-1035

利用中国逐日站点降水资料、逐日季风监测指数及逐日副热带高压指数、74项环流指数及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 分析了2009年秋季至2010年春季的秋冬春西南特大干旱过程中各指数及大气环流异常特征.结果表明: 自2009年10月底东亚冬季风建立以来, 至2010年春季, 东亚冬季风强度持续偏强, 加之西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏西偏南, 西南地区长期受副高控制, 气温持续偏高, 加之冷空气虽然总体偏强, 但主要控制我国北方地区, 造成冷暖空气在西南地区少有交汇, 致使降水偏少, 干旱发生发展. 印缅槽强度较常年偏弱, 来自印度洋、孟加拉湾以及南海的水汽条件不足, 向西南地区输送的来自南海和孟加拉湾两条水汽通道的水汽通量均较常年偏弱很多, 加之西南地区、特别是云南地区自2009年秋季以来, 长期处于下沉运动的正距平区, 造成这段时间西南地区干旱少雨, 旱情持续. 2009年9月El Niño事件全面爆发, 南海-西太平洋地区形成异常反气旋流场, 该反气旋流场较常年偏西偏南, 造成副高位置偏西偏南, 从而使得云贵高原及其周边的印度季风区的降雨量明显偏少;高原地区及南海、菲律宾附近及热带辐合带地区OLR异常对西太平洋副热带高压的变化有一定影响, 进而影响西南地区降水, 其内在机制还有待深入研究.  相似文献   

北京降水相态判别指标及检验   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

尤凤春  郭丽霞  史印山  曾剑 《气象与环境学报》2013,29(5):49-54

为提高降水相态预报准确率,以北京南郊观象台为代表站,选取1951年1月至2011年4月逐日20时至20时出现的雨夹雪日数,统计分析其月变化特征;再选取2000-2011年10月-4月08时和20时出现的雨、雨夹雪、雪个例,使用与降水个例对应时次的地面及高空常规观测数据,统计分析各层常用气象要素在各降水相态判别中的作用,并找出主要影响因子及降水相态判别指标;应用多元回归方法,建立降水相态统计预报方程,并对方程及判别指标进行检验。结果表明：雨和雪的温度、露点平均值在低层（地面到850 hPa）有明显差异,但随着高度增加其差异逐渐减小;因雨和雪的温度露点差平均值各层差异均很小,使用温度露点差很难区分降水相态;经过对2011年11月至2012年3月出现的降水相态进行检验可知,总结出的地面温度和露点判别指标以及降水相态统计预报方程均有一定的参考价值,可为今后做降水相态预报服务提供参考依据。  相似文献   

Study on the Climatic Change Features of Hebei Plain          下载免费PDF全文

Jin-cui Wang  Liang Zhu  Ying Zhang  Ji-chao Sun 《地下水科学与工程》2013,1(3):68-74

Precipitation and groundwater are essential to water circulation and they mutually influence. Groundwater is the main water supply source in Hebei Plain. On the other hand, atmospheric precipitation infiltration recharge is the main supply source of the groundwater in this area. Therefore, the studies on Hebei Plain climatic change features are of great significance to further analyze the influences of climatic changes on groundwater resources. This paper selected 10 ground climatological stations in Hebei Plain in terms of daily precipitation and temperature data from 1961 to 2010 and analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution features of temperature and precipitation. The results showed that the minimum temperature of Hebei Plain in recent 50 years increased significantly; the maximum temperature basically is stable; and the mean temperature presents an obviously increasing trend. In the spatial distribution, it gradually decreases from southwest to northeast on the whole and gradually tends to increase from the coastal to inland. The precipitation in recent 50 years owns obvious interannual change features and spatial distribution features, with a trend of overall periodic decrease and significant decrease of extreme precipitation. The annual mean precipitation intensity and annual mean extreme precipitation intensity gradually increased from piedmont plain to coastal plain. Hebei Plain has a warming and drying development trend on the whole. In space, piedmont plain belongs to the high-temperature and few-water area; coastal plain lies in low-temperature and much-water area; and central plain is in transitional zone. The climatic change and human activities are two influential factors of groundwater resources. Further revealing of the climatic change features of different geomorphic types and measuring and distinguishing of the influences of climatic change and human activities on groundwater remain to be further explored.  相似文献