New Equations For Sonic Temperature Variance And Buoyancy Heat Flux With An Omnidirectional Sonic Anemometer   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Heping Liu  Gerhard Peters  Thomas Foken 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,100(3):459-468

Many new types of sonic anemometer obtain sonic temperature from an average value of temperature measured along three paths, unlike previous sonic anemometers that generally used one path. New equations are derived to calculate temperature variance from sonic temperature variance and sensible heat flux from buoyancy flux considering the influence of a crosswind. These equations can be applied to CSAT3, Solent R2, R3, R3A, HS, and USA-1 sonic anemometers with the corresponding correction factors given in this paper. The equations are verified by data measured by a CSAT3 sonic anemometer in the LITFASS-1998 field study.  相似文献   

Triple-Hot-Film Anemometer Performance in Cases-99 and A Comparison With Sonic Anemometer Measurements     

Brian T. Skelly  David R. Miller  Thomas H. Meyer 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,105(2):275-304

Two levels of triple-hot-film and sonic anemometers were deployed on a 5.5-m towerduring the Cooperative Atmospheric Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) in October1999. Each triple-hot-film probe was collocated 50 mm from the sonic sensing path ona common boom. Various problems with using triple-hot-films in the atmosphere toresolve wind components are addressed including the derivation of a yaw angle correction using the collocated sensors. It was found that output voltage drift due to changes in environmental temperature could be monitored and corrected using an automated system. Non-unique solutions to heat transfer equations can be resolved using a collocated sonic anemometer. Multi-resolution decomposition of the hot-film data was used to estimate appropriate day and night averaging periods for turbulent flux measurements in and near the roughness sub-layer. Finally, triple-hot-film measurements of mean wind magnitude (M), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), sensible heat flux (H), and local friction velocity (u_*) are compared to those of the collocated CSAT3 sonic anemometers. Overall, the mean wind magnitudes measured by the triple-hot-film and the collocated sonic sensorswere close, consistent and independent of stability or proximity to the ground. The turbulent statistics, TKE, u_*, and H, measured by the two sensor systems were reasonably close together at z = 5 m. However, the ratio of sonic measurement/hot-film measurement decreased toward the ground surface, especially during stable conditions.  相似文献   

Corrections to Inertial-Range Power Spectra Measured by Csat3 and Solent Sonic Anemometers,1. Path-Averaging Errors     

T. W. HORST  S. P. ONCLEY 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,119(2):375-395

Sonic anemometer path-averaging errors are determined for measurements of inertial-range velocity and temperature power spectra as a function of k ₁ p, where k ₁ is the streamwise wave number and p is the sonic path length. The attenuation of vertical velocity spectra is found to be quite similar for the CSAT3 and Solent anemometers and to be insensitive to wind direction. The attenuation of the horizontal wind component spectra is noticeably greater for the Solent sonics than for the CSAT3, but those for the CSAT3 have a greater dependence on wind direction. The attenuation of sonic temperature spectra is also found to be quite similar for the CSAT3 and Solent R3 sonics and to be insensitive to wind direction, while that of the Solent R2 is less than that of the other two sonics and has a minor dependence on wind direction.  相似文献   

Influence of propeller wake sheet on rudder gap flow and gap cavitation     

Bu-Geun Paik  Kyung-Youl Kim  Sunho Park  Byeong-Seok Yu 《Ocean Engineering》2010,37(16):1418-1427

The characteristics of the flow over the rudder’s pintle gap are investigated by using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The propeller and rudder models are scaled down to 1/28.5. Highly accelerated leakage outflows are separated at the discontinuities of the gap and generate strong cavitation at the suction side of the rudder. In the rudder and propeller configuration, the propeller wake sheet ahead of the gap entrance region starts to induce leakage flow over the lower pintle gaps of the suction side. The gap flow has a velocity magnitude as high as 0.4U₀ in the high leakage flow condition, where the wake sheet locates over the gap entrance. The cross-flow of the propeller wake sheet interferes the gap entrance region and triggers gap cavitation. As the propeller wake sheet moves downstream and weakens, the gap flow velocity decreases over the gap entrance.  相似文献   

A dual sensor device to estimate fluid flow velocity at diffuse hydrothermal vents     

J. Sarrazin  P. Rodier  M.K. Tivey  H. Singh  A. Schultz  P.M. Sarradin 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(11):2065-2074

Numerous attempts have been made over the last thirty years to estimate fluid flow rates at hydrothermal vents, either at the exit of black smoker chimneys or within diffuse flow areas. In this study, we combine two methods to accurately estimate fluid flow velocities at diffuse flow areas. While the first method uses a hot film anemometer that performs high-frequency measurements, the second allows a relatively rapid assessment of fluid flow velocity through video imagery and provides in situ data to calibrate the sensor. Measurements of flow velocities on hydrothermal diffuse flow areas were obtained on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). They range from 1.1 to 4.9 mm/s at the substratum level, in low-temperature (4.5–16.4 °C) diffuse flow areas from the Tour Eiffel sulfide edifice. A strong correlation was observed between fluid flow velocities and temperature, supporting the possible use of temperature as a proxy to estimate the flow rates in diffuse flow areas where such a simple linear flow/temperature relation is shown to dominate.  相似文献   

基于互相关的小型化低功耗超声波风速风向仪设计     

郑健  卢会国 《气象科技》2024,52(1):27-36

超声波风速风向仪具有无转动部件,响应快,精度高的优点,但体积大、功耗高、成本高成为限制超声波风速风向仪广泛使用的主要因素。为了便于超声波风速风向仪的推广和使用,本文采用国产FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)并结合FIR(Finite Impulse Respond)滤波器以及互相关检测算法设计了一款超声波风速风向仪,探头之间的距离仅为80 mm,感风面积仅为传统超声波风的1/10,使得省级风洞均可计量检定。整机经过风洞实测,每秒钟可完成50次风速风向测量,在0～5 m/s时风速最大测量误差为±0.3 m/s, 5～20 m/s时风速最大测量误差为±0.5 m/s, 20～30 m/s风速测量最大误差为±5%,稳定风速下风向测量最大误差为±1°以内,总功耗为0.2 W(仅为传统超声波风功耗的1/20)。通过实测数据发现,FPGA结合数字滤波及互相关检测算法相比于传统的DSP(Digital Signal Processor)超声波风速风向仪能明显缩小体积,降低成本功耗。  相似文献   

大气边界层物理与大气环境过程研究进展   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

张美根  胡非  邹捍 《大气科学》2008,32(4):923-934

总结了近5年来中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室(LAPC)在第二代超声风速温度仪研制、城市边界层研究、复杂地形大气边界层探测与数值模拟、湍流机理研究、大气污染模式发展与应用等领域的主要进展,其中,第二代超声风速温度仪的野外对比测试结果表明其主要性能完全达到了国际先进水平;北京城市化发展使得北京325 m气象塔周边近地面流场已经具备了典型城市粗糙下垫面的流场特征,近地面夏季平均风速呈现非常明显的逐年递减趋势;北京沙尘暴大风时期湍流运动主要是小尺度湍涡运动,而大风的概率分布偏离高斯分布,风速较大的一侧概率分布呈指数迅速衰减,大风中风速很大的部分具有分形特征;珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区两次综合强化探测实验是迄今为止在青藏高原大型山地中实施的针对山地环流和物质／能量交换最为全面和连续的大气过程探测实验;白洋淀地区的观测研究表明,非均匀边界层具有一般边界层不具备的特点,无论是边界层结构还是湍流输送方面,水、陆边界层之间存在一定的差异,凸显其地表非均匀性的作用;为了解决不同尺度、不同类型的大气污染问题和实际应用,研制或发展完善了多套大气污染模式系统,包括全球大气化学模式、区域大气污染数值模式、城市大气污染数值模式和微小尺度(如街区尺度)范围内污染物输送扩散模式。  相似文献   

移动式极地大气参数测量系统I.研制与试观测          下载免费PDF全文

田启国  柴博  吴晓庆  姜鹏  纪拓  金鑫淼  周宏岩 《极地研究》2015,27(2):125-131

研制了移动式极地大气参数测量系统。采用温度脉动仪和三维超声风速计分别对大气湍流强度C2n进行测量。在合肥和上海两地进行了约500 h的仪器性能测试,结果显示仪器运行稳定、两种方法测得的C2n符合得很好。仪器将在2013/2014年度中国第30次南极科学考察泰山站建站期间首次对泰山站的C2n进行测量、越冬期间首次对中山站的C2n进行测量,并计划在2014/2015年度第31次南极科学考察期间对昆仑站的近地面大气湍流强度进行测量。  相似文献   

Analysis of Wind Power Assessment Based on the WRF Model          下载免费PDF全文

LI Ji-Hang  GUO Zhen-Hai  WANG Hui-Jun 《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(2):126-131

Assessing wind energy is a key step in selecting a site for a wind farm. The accuracy of the assessment is essential for the future operation of the wind farm. There are two main methods for assessing wind power： one is based on observational data and the other relies on mesoscale numerical weather prediction（NWP）. In this study, the wind power of the Liaoning coastal wind farm was evaluated using observations from an anemometer tower and simulations by the Weather Research and Forecasting（WRF） model, to see whether the WRF model can produce a valid assessment of the wind power and whether the downscaling process can provide a better evaluation. The paper presents long-term wind data analysis in terms of annual, seasonal, and diurnal variations at the wind farm, which is located on the east coast of Liaoning Province. The results showed that, in spring and summer, the wind speed, wind direction, wind power density, and other main indicators were consistent between the two methods. However, the values of these parameters from the WRF model were significantly higher than the observations from the anemometer tower. Therefore, the causes of the differences between the two methods were further analyzed. There was much more deviation in the original material, National Centers for Environmental Prediction（NCEP） final（FNL） Operational Global Analysis data, in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. As the region is vulnerable to cold-air outbreaks and windy weather in autumn and winter, and the model usually forecasted stronger high or low systems with a longer duration, the predicted wind speed from the WRF model was too large.  相似文献   

Some Thoughts On Local Isotropy And The 4/3 Lateral To Longitudinal Velocity Spectrum Ratio     

C. A. Biltoft 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,100(3):393-404

Applications of Kolmogorov's universal equilibrium hypothesis and the Taylor transform to velocity spectra derived from measurements within the low frequency portion of the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) inertial subrange are examined. The measured ratios of lateral to longitudinal velocity component spectra exhibit considerable scatter, but suggest convergence towards 1.0 rather than towards the 4/3 expected from theory. Shear and buoyancy introduce anisotropy to the inertial subrange, thereby contributing to the observed scatter. The apparent discrepancy between the 4/3 velocity component spectrum ratio expected from theory and the measurements could arise as a consequence of the processing used to produce spectra. These processing effects must be considered from the perspective of the propagating eddy. Spectral averaging used with sonic anemometer data is done over time periods that are large with respect to inertial subrange eddy correlation decay times. This averaging causes energy from larger scale eddies to appear as `local convection' that dominates the Taylor transform. Spectrum ratio convergence and cospectra approaching zero are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for onset of local isotropy. Measurements of spectrum ratios and cospectra over the entire inertial subrange are needed to determine whether or not local isotropy might occur within the ASL.  相似文献