Liner shipping and information exchange—a European perspective     

Peter Marlow  Rawindaran Nair   《Marine Policy》2006,30(6):681-688

The European Commission (EC) is currently reviewing Council Regulation 4056/86, which includes the proposal by the European Liner Affairs Association (ELAA) to put in place a regulatory instrument for an information exchange system. The White Paper of the EC, issued in 2004, which provides a comprehensive discussion of the key issues including the ELAA proposal, is examined. The implications of the removal of Regulation 4056/86 and the application of this information exchange instrument in its place are studied. Arising from the protection afforded by antitrust immunity for nearly 100 years owners appear to have developed a fear of the unknown regarding an unregulated environment.  相似文献   

影响三角褐指藻生长的生态因子间关系及其调节效应          下载免费PDF全文

林霞  朱艺峰  朱振斌  郭小强 《海洋科学》2003,27(4):76-81

运用 3× 3× 2析因试验 ,研究NO3 N质量浓度、光照强度和温度间的相互关系及其对三角褐指藻 (Phaeodactylumtricornutum)生长的调节效应。结果表明 :NO3 N以抛物线方式控制藻的生长 ,光照强度主要影响藻的指数生长期 ,对稳定态细胞密度影响减弱 ,温度升高有助于生长。当温度为 2 0℃ ,NO3 N质量浓度分别为 14 .7和 14 .6mg/L ,光照强度分别为5 36 4 .0和 4 0 35 .4lx时 ,藻相对生长率和细胞密度达到最大值 ,分别为 0 .6 5 15d-1和10 10 .7× 10 4/mL。光肥效应、温肥效应和光温效应存在于藻类生长过程 ,并且起协调作用。增产效应随NO3 N含量增加而减少 ,随光照强度和温度的升高而增加  相似文献   

‘You can get away with loads because there’s no one here’: Discourses of regulation and non-regulation in English rural spaces     

Sarah Neal  Sue Walters 《Geoforum》2007,38(2):252-263

Using qualitative data from a research project investigating contemporary rural identities in England this paper examines the apparently contradictory discursive claims that are made on rural spaces. It looks in particular at the ways in which these are narrated - through the notions of rural space as a site of safety, orderliness and community on the one hand and as a site of freedom, anti-order and non-regulation on the other. While the former is a familiar, entrenched and critiqued representation of rurality, the latter narrative has a more marginal and ambivalent place in the dominant rural imaginary. Drawing on Foucault’s concepts of panopticism and heterotopia the paper demonstrates the ways in which the rural is a highly labile concept and emphasises its continual ‘unfinishedness’. However, alongside this, the paper suggests that the tensions and contradictions of the orderly and anti-orderly discourses are underpinned by a particular coherency that is driven by senses of community, belonging and self-regulation. While these do not resolve the contradictions of the discursive claims the potency of such drivers are sufficient to produce a particular inclusive spatiality which is able to accommodate and incorporate the different discursive positions and the practices that are associated with each.  相似文献   

渭南市人工增雨作业技术指标与判据   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

李秀琳  贾金海  张永红  张丽娟  刘瑜  宋永涛 《陕西气象》2007,(2):26-28

本文的重点是介绍CINRAD/CC雷达的年维护保养。根据CINRAD/CC雷达使用情况,通过近几年雷达技术保障的实践经验,总结出CINRAD/CC雷达维护保养行之有效的技术方法和步骤,工作中收到明显的效果。  相似文献   

Fragmenting regimes: how water quality regulation is changing political-economic landscapes     

Tara A Maddock 《Geoforum》2004,35(2):217-230

Conflicts over water quality regulation are entering local economic development policy and re-shaping political-economic landscapes. Across the United States, decentralizing scales of regulation, scientific uncertainty, and increasing citizen participation are creating new regulatory contexts. Using regime and regulation theory, I address how regulation of the environment is altering economic regimes and creating new alliances among stakeholders. The research shows the dominant regime in the state of Ohio, a pro-growth stakeholder coalition between point source businesses (including electric utilities and municipal sewage treatment plants) and real estate development interests, is fragmenting. At the same time, there is a policy coalition emerging between environmentalists and government staff that is advocating for nonpoint source water pollution regulation. These emergent coalitions exemplify the changing nature of environmental regulation and economic regimes.  相似文献   

From public to private to … mutual? Restructuring water supply governance in England and Wales     

Karen J. Bakker 《Geoforum》2003,34(3):359-374

A little over a decade after privatization, the water supply industry in England and Wales is undergoing a period of restructuring; many water companies have withdrawn from equity markets, some have separated asset ownership from operation and maintenance, and others have made proposals to return water supply infrastructure to public control through ‘mutuals’ or ‘customer corporations’. This paper situates the restructuring of the water industry within broader debates over ‘associative self-governance’ taking place in Britain. Underpinned by a conceptual framework drawing on insights from regulation theory, in which governance models are enacted through regulatory practice, the interrelationship between restructuring and re-regulation of the water supply industry is analyzed. The paper argues that the failure of the post-privatization regulatory model to contain the contradictions between stable returns and the efficiency imperative, on the one hand, and politically acceptable rates of return and the equity imperative, on the other, led to a re-regulation of the water supply industry, which was a key factor in restructuring. Restructuring has entailed multiple strategies (diversification, internationalization, vertical de-integration, mutualization, securitization), which are briefly analyzed. In contrast to analyses which depict restructuring as a ‘retreat of the market’, the analysis presented in this paper emphasizes the continuity of the commercial governance model applied in the water supply industry in 1989. In interpreting restructuring as an industry response to re-regulation of services provision, the paper interrogates the incentive structure underpinning current proposals for a ‘mutual’ future for public services in Britain.  相似文献   

Limits to “counter-neoliberal” reform: Mining expansion and the marginalisation of post-extractivist forces in Evo Morales’s Bolivia     

《Geoforum》2017

The expansion of resource extractivism in Latin America in the last decade has been related to previous neoliberalisation processes, which opened-up mineral exploitation to transnational firms and granted investors favourable conditions. Extractivism, however, expanded equally (or more) in countries which have undertaken “counter-neoliberal” reform—as it is most clearly the case for Evo Morales’s Bolivia. Building on regulationist approaches and strategic-relational state theory, this paper analyses recent changes in the governance of Bolivian mining. It contributes to understanding how and why the Morales governments’ objectives to initiate a transition towards a more plural and diversified economy—informed by social movements—have not been achieved to date. We make three interrelated claims. First, the expansion of mining has been enabled by the maintaining of institutional arrangements for mineral exploitation established during neoliberalism, favouring transnational firms and self-employed (“cooperative”) miners over state-owned and community-managed operations. Second, despite the new government’s improved legal framework for the promotion of environmental and indigenous rights, the mining sector has continued to benefit from de facto lax environmental regulation, which constitutes an indirect incentive to expansion at the expense of ecologies and indigenous–peasant livelihoods. Third, the state has played a central role in weakening social resistance to mining expansion, by demobilising those social forces—particularly peasant–indigenous organisations—whose proposals and demands conflicted most clearly with extractivist development. We suggest, therefore, that analysing changing state–society relations is central to understanding the counter-neoliberalisation of resource governance and its limits.  相似文献   

镭、氡同位素示踪调水调沙对黄河口水体运移及营养盐分布特征的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张晓洁  许博超  夏冬  江雪艳  简慧敏 《海洋学报》2016,38(8):36-43

为研究调水调沙影响下的镭、氡同位素和营养盐在黄河口的分布特征,于2013年7月调水调沙期间在黄河口及其邻近海域进行了多点的连续观测。研究发现:(1)黄河口海域镭、氡同位素分布呈现明显的“分区”现象,南北两区分别为“调水调沙影响非显著区域”和“调水调沙影响显著区域”,北部海域镭、氡同位素浓度高值主要来源于陆源输入(包括河流输入和海底地下水排放);(2)调查期间,北部海域水体年龄为(2.9±1.6)d,南部海域水体年龄为(5.0±2.1)d;水龄随潮汐变化表现出涨潮时水龄增大、落潮时水龄减小的波动趋势;(3)北部海域溶解无机氮(DIN)和溶解硅(DSi)含量明显高于南部海域,而溶解无机磷(DIP)在两个区域的含量相差不大。  相似文献   

Does the relationship between fishermen and enforcers impact regulatory compliance?     

《Marine Policy》2016

The focus of US fisheries regulations has changed from expanding fishing effort to protecting resources for current and future use. Regulations, enforcement, and compliance have changed and grown over the last forty years. Members of both the enforcement and commercial trawl fishing communities speculate and complain about regulatory compliance, often from opposite perspectives. A small research project in Oregon studied the relationship between these communities and regulation compliance. Although a difference was noted in the relationships between the varied levels of enforcement and trawl fishermen, this did not constitute a shift in compliance; compliance remained high with participants from both communities reporting that the fishermen have “little choice but to follow the rules.” What varied was communication within and between these communities, and the amount of control participants’ felt they had in regulation development. A small glimpse into the relationships within and between these communities offers insights into the factors that may impact fisheries, regulation development and enforcement, and communication within and between these interdependent, occupational communities.  相似文献   

The scientific value of scientific whaling     

《Marine Policy》2016

Scientific whaling has polarized opinion for decades, and its scientific value has been intensely debated. Here, the output of scientific whaling programs is examined by comparing it to the scientific output pertaining to whales of countries that do not practice scientific whaling. Between 1986 and 2013, whaling and non-whaling countries produced, on average, similar total numbers of publications that were directly relevant to the goals of the scientific whaling permits issued by the International Whaling Commission (IWC), and similar numbers of papers that were relevant to whale ecology and conservation but not directly related to IWC goals. Half of the scientific productivity of scientific whaling countries resulted from non-lethal data collection. One-third of publications by whaling countries were published in peer-reviewed outlets, compared to twice as many for non-whaling countries. Publications by whaling countries were cited ~4 times less often than those of non-whaling countries, with no evidence of citation discrimination against whaling countries since the citation rates of papers that did and did not use lethal sampling were similar. These academic criteria suggest that although the overall volume of science produced by scientific whaling countries is similar to that of non-whaling countries, the quality of the science is not. Arguably, academic criteria are not the best way to assess the usefulness of science for management and conservation, but demonstrating links between the science produced by scientific whaling, its integration in management plans and actions, and shifts towards sustainable exploitation or recovery of whale populations is challenging.  相似文献