Humidity Measurements in Cold and Humid Environments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Lasse?MakkonenEmail author  Timo?Laakso 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,116(1):131-147

Recent studies have shed new light on humidity conditions in the polar atmospheric boundary layer, and cast doubt on the reliability of humidity measurements above the frost point humidity. These issues are addressed herein by considering the processes that affect humidity and its measurement in cold climate conditions and by analyzing observations from two sites, at which the relative humidity is frequently above 100% at sub-freezing temperatures, as shown by repeatedly observed in-cloud icing events. Humidity measurements were made at these two sites by the commonly used Vaisala HMP35 probe and HMP233 capacitance probes respectively and simultaneously by the same manufacturer’s HMP243 probe that determines the frost point by a heated capacitance sensor. The results confirm that the relative humidity is frequently well above the frost point, both due to radiative cooling and to the advection of moist air, and that the conventional humidity measurements are unable to detect these events. Furthermore, after such events, the iced sensors show too high a humidity. The false values occur due to ice growth on the probe and cannot be corrected by any algorithm. Our results indicate that these problems, inherent to conventional humidity measurements in cold and humid environments, are avoided by the use of HMP243, which has a heated humidity probe.  相似文献   

未来江苏中部沿海相对海面变化预测   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王艳红  张忍顺  谢志仁 《地球科学进展》2004,19(6):992-996

相对海面变化是由全球绝对海面变化和区域性地面和海面因素共同控制。通过对江苏沿海近几十年来的潮位记录的分析,得出江苏沿海近期的相对海面变化速率。在此基础上根据近期绝对海面的变化速率计算出局地因素对江苏沿海相对海面变化的贡献量。在假设未来局地因素影响基本不变的前提下与IPCC对未来100年绝对海面的变化趋势 进行叠加,预测了江苏沿海未来相对海面变化的趋势。结果显示,江苏中部沿海海面在2000-2100年的100年间将上升15～152 cm,较IPCC对同期全球平均海平面上升的预测结果大的多。最后就区域性海面气压对相对海面变化的影响进行了讨论。  相似文献   

Huber’s M-estimation in relative GPS positioning: computational aspects     

X.-W. Chang  Y. Guo 《Journal of Geodesy》2005,79(6-7):351-362

When GPS signal measurements have outliers, using least squares (LS) estimation is likely to give poor position estimates. One of the typical approaches to handle this problem is to use robust estimation techniques. We study the computational issues of Huber’s M-estimation applied to relative GPS positioning. First for code-based relative positioning, we use simulation results to show that Newton’s method usually converges faster than the iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) method, which is often used in geodesy for computing robust estimates of parameters. Then for code- and carrier-phase-based relative positioning, we present a recursive modified Newton method to compute Huber’s M-estimates of the positions. The structures of the model are exploited to make the method efficient, and orthogonal transformations are used to ensure numerical reliability of the method. Economical use of computer memory is also taken into account in designing the method. Simulation results show that the method is effective.  相似文献   

Frontline soldiers of globalisation: Port–city evolution and regional competition     

César Ducruet  Sung-Woo Lee 《GeoJournal》2006,67(2):107-122

This paper is an empirical attempt to measure the relative concentration of port–city functions in the context of globalisation. It reviews a number of urban and port issues regarding their complementary and contradictory aspects about the evolution of port cities. The main purpose is to verify how port function is more or less important to local economies, compared to other functions, through a temporal and global approach. Based on a matrix of port–city centrality and intermediacy, the main indicators available for international comparison are urban population and container throughput. An analysis of 653 places between 1970 and 2005 period is provided, using the relative concentration index (RCI) proposed by Vallega. The appropriate geographical scale to measure the relative evolution of port cities at a global level is discussed. Results tend to question previous models which consider functional and spatial separation between the city and its port as an ineluctable process. The port–city evolution appears to be gradual rather than linear or chaotic, and in many cases largely influenced by regional factors and local strategies.  相似文献   

大宗物质供销区位的定量分析及其引伸   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

朱德威  梁进社 《地理学报》1986,(4)

大宗物资供销区位的一般提法是:设有某大宗物资(如粮食、煤炭、原油),其产地是A_1, A_2,……,A_m,共m个,产量分别是a_1,a_2,……,a_m个单位(如 t,10~4×0.5kg);另有n个销地B_1,B_2,……B_n,销量分别为b_1,b_2,……,b_n。产销是平衡的,同时产地与销地之间的运输距离与运输方式已知,即单位货物的运输费用已知。  相似文献   

Analyses and settlement study of a group of two,three and four partially stiffened floating granular piles     

Vaibhaw Garg  Jitendra Kumar Sharma 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2020,15(3):203-223

ABSTRACT

Use of granular pile as a ground improvement technique in case of soft soils is one of the reliable and economic options. Analysis of a partially stiffened group of granular floating piles has been numerically assessed and presented here. Partial stiffening simply means that instead of using conventional material for making the granular pile (GP) in its full length, top region is replaced partially by some suitable material, having better mechanical properties, i.e. higher deformation modulus. Various normalised parameters like settlement influence factor for top of GP, settlement interaction factor, settlement reduction factor, percentage load shared by the base and shear stress distribution along the length of the granular pile are evaluated. The settlement influence factor for top of GP is found to decrease with the increase in the values of the stiffening parameters. The interfacial shear stresses get redistributed along the length of the granular pile.  相似文献   

西北太平洋热带气旋频数的气候变化及其与环境要素间的联系   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3  

周旭  余锦华  王志福 《气象科学》2013,33(1):43-50

使用Emanuel和Nolan完善的潜在生成指数(GPI)的计算方法,利用美国联合台风警报中心提供的热带气旋(TC)资料和欧洲中期数值天气预报中心提供的全球ERA-40再分析资料,比较了1970-2001年西北太平洋海域的TC生成频数和GPI的气候特征,分析了包含于GPI中的环境要素对西北太平洋TC频数年代际变化空间分布的影响.结果表明:GPI能近似地表述西北太平洋TC频数的季节变化和空间分布.各环境要素对TC、较弱类TC和较强类TC生成频数的影响有显著差异,相对湿度随着TC强度的增强而减弱,风速垂直切变则相反.西北太平洋TC频数年代际变化空间分布的正异常主要分布于130°E以东,(15°N,140°E)附近最大的正异常频数中心主要受绝对涡度和相对湿度正异常变化的影响;负的风速垂直切变和正的相对湿度异常变化引起了(10～15°N,160°E)附近的TC频数正异常.  相似文献   

Geomorphic indices and relative tectonic uplift in the Guerrero sector of the Mexican forearc     

Krzysztof Gaidzik  María Teresa Ramírez-Herrera 《地学前缘(英文版)》2017,8(4):885-902

Tectonically active areas, such as forearc regions, commonly show contrasting relief, differential tectonic uplift, variations in erosion rates, in river incision, and in channel gradient produced by ongoing tectonic deformation. Thus, information on the tectonic activity of a defined area could be derived via landscape analysis. This study uses topography and geomorphic indices to extract signals of ongoing tectonic deformation along the Mexican subduction forearc within the Guerrero sector. For this purpose, we use field data, topographical data, knickpoints, the ratio of volume to area (R_VA), the stream-length gradient index (SL), and the normalized channel steepness index (k_sn).The results of the applied landscape analysis reveal considerable variations in relief, topography and geomorphic indices values along the Guerrero sector of the Mexican subduction zone. We argue that the reported differences are indicative of tectonic deformation and of variations in relative tectonic uplift along the studied forearc. A significant drop from central and eastern parts of the study area towards the west in values of R_VA (from ～500 to ～300), SL (from ～500 to ca. 400), maximum SL (from ～1500–2500 to ～1000) and k_sn (from ～150 to ～100) denotes a decrease in relative tectonic uplift in the same direction. We suggest that applied geomorphic indices values and forearc topography are independent of climate and lithology. Actual mechanisms responsible for the observed variations and inferred changes in relative forearc tectonic uplift call for further studies that explain the physical processes that control the forearc along strike uplift variations and that determine the rates of uplift. The proposed methodology and results obtained through this study could prove useful to scientists who study the geomorphology of forearc regions and active subduction zones.  相似文献   

CME和冕洞边缘结构的可能关系     

罗葆荣 《地球物理学进展》1999,14(Z1):142

本文分析了１９８０ 、１９８４ 和１９８９ 年ＳＭＭ 卫星观测到的１４０ 次日冕物质抛射（ＣＭＥ） 事件在时空分布上与“冕洞边缘结构”、耀斑爆发和爆发日珥等事件的相关关系结果表明, ＣＭＥ 事件与日冕边缘结构的关系最密切此外, ＣＭＥ与赤道冕洞具有同步的长期演化关系由此认为, 冕洞边缘结构对ＣＭＥ的可能贡献是不可忽视的  相似文献   

全新世以来山东半岛东北部海面变化的河流地貌响应   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

王庆 《地理科学》1999,19(3):225-236

对全新世以来山东半岛东北部沿岸的相对海面（基准面）变化,不同河流有截然不同的地貌响应方式。大沽夹河型河流的下游河谷中有分别与相对海面升降对应的溯源堆积期和溯源侵蚀期,但不同规模的河流仍有差异。黄水河型河流河谷未因基准面升降而发生侵蚀或堆积,河谷仅起了输沙通道的作用。此外,大沽夹河型河流的中下游河型在相对海面上升或下降时,还可能发生相应地网状化或曲流化。  相似文献