A critical state interpretation for the cyclic liquefaction resistance of silty sands   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

George D. Bouckovalas  Konstantinos I. Andrianopoulos  Achilleas G. Papadimitriou 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2003,23(2):115-125

Contrary to many laboratory investigations, common empirical correlations from in situ tests consider that the increase in the percentage of fines leads to an increase of the cyclic liquefaction resistance of sands. This paper draws upon the integrated Critical State Soil Mechanics framework in order to study this seemingly not univocal effect. Firstly the effect of fines on the Critical State Line (CSL) is studied through a statistical analysis of a large data set of published monotonic triaxial tests. The results show that increasing the content of non-plastic fines practically leads to a clockwise rotation of the CSL in (e–ln p) space. The implication of this effect on cyclic liquefaction resistance is subsequently evaluated with the aid of a properly calibrated critical state elasto-plastic constitutive model, as well as a large number of published experimental results and in situ empirical correlations. Both sets of data show clearly that a fines content, less than about 30% by weight, may prove beneficial at relatively small effective stresses (p₀<50–70 kPa), such as the in situ stresses prevailing in most liquefaction case studies, and detrimental at larger confining stresses, i.e. the stresses usually considered in laboratory tests. To the extent of these findings, a correction factor is proposed for the practical evaluation of liquefaction resistance in terms of the fines content and the mean effective confining stress.  相似文献   

GMS卫星遥感中国地区气溶胶光学厚度   总被引：20，自引：2，他引：20       下载免费PDF全文

张军华  斯召俊  毛节泰  王美华 《大气科学》2003,27(1):23-35

讨论了利用GMS卫星遥感湖面上空气溶胶光学厚度的方法,根据在5个湖面附近与多波段光度计遥感结果的比较,对卫星遥感的方法和结果进行了检验,然后利用该方法遥感了中国大陆25个湖面上空气溶胶光学厚度.结果显示,利用卫星反演湖面光学厚度可以提供大陆上空气溶胶的信息,是研究大陆上空气溶胶光学厚度一个可行的方法.  相似文献   

The Global Distribution of Secondary Particulate Matter in a 3-D Lagrangian Chemistry Transport Model     

R. G. Derwent  W. J. Collins  M. E. Jenkin  C. E. Johnson  D. S. Stevenson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2003,44(1):57-95

A global 3-D Lagrangian chemistry-transport model STOCHEM is used to describe the tropospheric distributions of four components of the secondary atmospheric aerosol: nitrate, sulphate, ammonium and organic compounds. The model describes the detailed chemistry of the formation of the acid precursors from the oxidation of SO₂, DMS, NO_x, NH₃ and terpenes and their uptake into the aerosol. Model results are compared in some detail with the available surface observations. Comparisons are made between the global budgets and burdens found in other modelling studies. The global distributions of the total mass of secondary aerosols have been estimated for the pre-industrial, present day and 2030 emissions and large changes have been estimated in the mass fractions of the different secondary aerosol components.  相似文献   

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE IN CLIMATE CHANGE BY USING A REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

高学杰  林一骅  赵宗慈 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2003,9(2):173-180

1 INTRODUCTION Being an important composition of the atmosphere, aerosol attracts increasing attention from the scientific community in recent years, together with the radiative forcing it causes and effects it imposes on the climate system. The anthropogenic aerosol affects the climate both directly and indirectly. The climate is directly affected when solar shortwave radiation is scattered and absorbed in what is known as the 搖mbrella effect? which can be dated back to as early as mor…  相似文献   

大气气溶胶光学厚度的宽带消光遥感方法及其应用   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

邱金桓 《遥感学报》1997,1(1):15-23

该文发展了遥感气溶胶光学厚度的一个宽带消光遥感方法 ,它应用地面上太阳直射表探测的宽波段太阳直射信息反演 0 75 μm大气柱光学厚度。这方法的主要误差因子是气溶胶谱的不确定性。数值试验表明 ,气溶胶谱分布的误差所引起光学厚度解的误差一般小于 5 %。 1995年 1— 10月进行的 12 6 7组对比实验表明 ,由本方法探测的气溶胶光学厚度与光度计探测的气溶胶光学厚度的标准差为 10 5 % ,两者平均结果的偏差只有 0 7%。该文还应用这个方法 ,从气象台站辐射观测资料反演得到北京、沈阳等 10个地方 1980— 1994年间晴天气溶胶光学厚度资料 ,并分析其变化规律  相似文献   

中国西北部“4.5”沙尘暴过程中尺度低压的数值模拟   总被引：3，自引：9，他引：3  

陈伟民  王强  牛志敏  徐建芬  高风荣 《中国沙漠》1996,16(2):140-144

利用改进型ＰＳＵ／ＮＣＡＲ中尺度数值模式（ＭＭ４标准版），取模式水平格距４０ｋｍ，４６×６１网格，垂直方向ａ取１５层，即从地面到模式顶（１００ｈＰａ），σ＝０．０、０．１、０．２、０．３、０．４、０．５、０．６、０．７、０．７８、０．８４、０．８９、０．９３、０．９６、０．９８、０．９９、１．００，采用ＮＣＡＲ的３０＇×３０＇地形资料，以常规观测资料作为初始场，较好地模拟了此次沙尘暴过程的海平面气压的演变和分布，特别是张掖、柴达本盆地以及敦煌附近的三个中低压。同时，模拟了张掖中低压与蒙古冷高压之间的甘肃河西沙尘暴东大风。敏感性试验表明，沙尘暴中低压的形成发展主要是受于物理过程制约；沙尘暴中尺度系统的研究与暴雨中尺度系统的研究是有区别的，积云对流参数化并不是特别重要，在设计研究沙尘暴的数值模式中，应当合理地处理其他的热力、动力过程及大气外强迫源的作用。模式水平格距、地形真实程度对模拟中低压的位置、中心强度有重要贡献；下垫面变化中低压强度有一定影响。张掖热低压的形成发展主要是在有利的环境形势下，特殊地势起了重要作用，表现为直接动力强迫和间接热力强迫。  相似文献   

陕西直罗油田长_2油层组储层特征     

刘勇  孙冬胜 《陕西地质》1996,(2)

直罗油田主力产层为三叠系延长组长2油层组，储层以三角洲分支河道砂体为主，岩性主要为长石细砂岩，大量的自生矿物对原生孔隙产生了很大程度的破坏。较强的成岩后生作用使得储层以粒间溶孔及原生粒间余孔为主要储集空间。储层孔隙结构表现为以小孔隙、小喉道为主要特征，非均质性较强。物性分布主要与其在砂体中的分布部位有关。  相似文献   

A model study on the decay of volcanic aerosol layer and verification with Pinatubo and El Chichon data     

S. Ramachandran  A. Jayaraman  B. R. Sitaram 《Journal of Earth System Science》1997,106(3):157-167

The time evolution of stratospheric aerosol layer formed after a volcanic eruption is studied taking into account the aerosol microphysical processes of growth, coagulation and sedimentation. Using a simple model we could explain the observed evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic layer which decayed in about 3 years. The experimental data obtained by Nd:YAG backscatter lidar over Ahmedabad further supports this finding. The data obtained after the El Chichon volcanic eruption also showed that the El Chichon aerosol layer decayed in about 3 years time. Thus, though the amount of SO₂ injected has been higher, in the case of Pinatubo, about two to three times more than El Chichon, it has resulted in the production of larger aerosol particles due to faster growth and coagulation processes, and subsequently a faster removal rate, to give more or less a similar background aerosol amount at the stratosphere in about 3 years time.  相似文献   

GRADIENT DISTRIBUTION OF ACID RAIN IN THE SCENIC RESORT OF THE BAIYUN MOUNTAIN IN GUANGZHOU     

黄健  李福娇  江奕光  李琼 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2004,10(1):95-105

1 INTRODUCTION Sitting in the central part of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou is one of the cities in China that are most polluted by acid rain. Broad attention has been brought to the problem. Since the early 1980s, a series of observation and studies h…  相似文献   

Scattering Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols over Lanzhou City and Applications Using an Integrating Nephelometer   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张武  胡波  陈长和  杜萍  张镭  冯广泓 《大气科学进展》2004,21(6):848-856

The data, measured by a three-wavelength Integrating Nephelometer over Lanzhou City during the winters of 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 respectively, have been analyzed for investigating the scattering properties of atmospheric aerosols and exploring their relationship and the status of air pollution. The aerosol particle volume distribution is inverted with the measured spectral scattering coefficients. The results show that the daily variation of the aerosol scattering coefficients is in a tri-peak shape. The average ratio of backscattering coefficient to total scattering coefficient at 550 nm is 0.158; there exists an excellent correlation between the scattering coefficients and the concentration of PM10. The average ratio of the concentration of PM10 to the scattering coefficients is 0.37 g m-2, which is contingent on the optical parameters of aerosol particles such as the size distribution, etc.; an algorithm is developed for inverting the volume distribution of aerosol particles by using the histogram and Monte-Carlo techniques, and the test results show that the inversion is reasonable.  相似文献