1PN近似下脉冲星导航的观测方程及精度分析     

任红飞  魏子卿  翟振和  吴富梅 《测绘学报》2012,41(1):41-0

完整推导1PN度规形式下脉冲到达时间方程与脉冲星导航的观测方程。分析导航观测中的相对论影响;给出观测方程的级数展开形式,在此基础上分析脉冲星历表参数对观测时间的影响;讨论行星星历误差对观测时间的影响;推导星体扁率引起的测量时延表达式,分析不同星体扁率引起的时延量级。  相似文献   

Effect of moving storms on attainment of equilibrium discharge     

Kwan Tun Lee  Jen-Kuo Huang 《水文研究》2007,21(24):3357-3366

Although rainfall is assumed spatially uniform in conventional hydrological modelling for rainfall–runoff simulations, moving storms have been shown to have substantial influence on flow hydrographs. In this study, criteria for attainment of the equilibrium discharge from watersheds subjected to moving storms were examined. Non-linear numerical kinematic-wave models were developed to simulate runoff from an overland plane and from a V-shaped catchment. Dimensional analysis was applied to obtain the independent variables to be used as control factors in performing a series of numerical tests. The results indicate that, for storms moving downstream, runoff can attain equilibrium discharge even though the storm length is shorter than the watershed length and the rainfall duration is less than the time to equilibrium of the watershed for stationary uniform storms. The phenomenon of attainment of equilibrium discharge from watersheds subjected to moving storms is contradictory to conventional hydrologic design, which assumes the storm duration must equal the time to equilibrium to attain the maximum discharge. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

用抽水试验资料确定水文地质参数的新方法     

李种善 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》1995,(1)

叙述了用最小二乘逼近法和最优化基本原理确定水文地质参数的新方法。在方程式的迭代过程中，水文地质参数的正确性是由水位降深值和试验测量值拟合结果的平均相对误差进行评价的。  相似文献   

INFLUENCES OF NONUNIFORM STRATIFICATION ON WAVE RAYS OF INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVE          下载免费PDF全文

吕克利  徐亚梅 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1994,(3)

In this paper the influences of nonuniform stratification on the propagating paths of internal inertial-gravity andpure gravity wave energy are discussed by using the WKB approximation method.The conditions for conservation ofwave energy,generalized wave action and wave enstrophy are obtained.The necessary condition of instability for inter-nal gravity waves and the equation governing the refraction of wave rays are derived.Two types of critical levels are giv-en.Finally,the wave rays for different distributions of stratification are calculated by using the fourth-orderRunge-Kutta method.  相似文献   

Migration/inversion for transversely isotropic elastic media   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

David W. S. Eaton  Robert R. Stewart 《Geophysical Journal International》1994,119(2):667-683

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Errors Due to the Common Ray Approximations of the Coupling Ray Theory     

Klimeš  L.  Bulant  P. 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2004,48(1):117-142

The common ray approximation considerably simplifies the numerical algorithm of the coupling ray theory for S waves, but may introduce errors in travel times due to the perturbation from the common reference ray. These travel-time errors can deteriorate the coupling-ray-theory solution at high frequencies. It is thus of principal importance for numerical applications to estimate the errors due to the common ray approximation.We derive the equations for estimating the travel-time errors due to the isotropic and anisotropic common ray approximations of the coupling ray theory. These equations represent the main result of the paper. The derivation is based on the general equations for the second-order perturbations of travel time. The accuracy of the anisotropic common ray approximation can be studied along the isotropic common rays, without tracing the anisotropic common rays.The derived equations are numerically tested in three 1-D models of differing degree of anisotropy. The first-order and second-order perturbation expansions of travel time from the isotropic common rays to anisotropic-ray-theory rays are compared with the anisotropic-ray-theory travel times. The errors due to the isotropic common ray approximation and due to the anisotropic common ray approximation are estimated. In the numerical example, the errors of the anisotropic common ray approximation are considerably smaller than the errors of the isotropic common ray approximation.The effect of the isotropic common ray approximation on the coupling-ray-theory synthetic seismograms is demonstrated graphically. For comparison, the effects of the quasi-isotropic projection of the Green tensor, of the quasi-isotropic approximation of the Christoffel matrix, and of the quasi-isotropic perturbation of travel times on the coupling-ray-theory synthetic seismograms are also shown. The projection of the travel-time errors on the relative errors of the time-harmonic Green tensor is briefly presented.  相似文献   

Predictability of river flow and suspended sediment transport in the Mississippi River basin: a non‐linear deterministic approach     

Bellie Sivakumar  Wesley W. Wallender 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(6):665-677

As the Mississippi River plays a major role in fulfilling various water demands in North America, accurate prediction of river flow and sediment transport in the basin is crucial for undertaking both short‐term emergency measures and long‐term management efforts. To this effect, the present study investigates the predictability of river flow and suspended sediment transport in the basin. As most of the existing approaches that link water discharge, suspended sediment concentration and suspended sediment load possess certain limitations (absence of consensus on linkages), this study employs an approach that presents predictions of a variable based on history of the variable alone. The approach, based on non‐linear determinism, involves: (1) reconstruction of single‐dimensional series in multi‐dimensional phase‐space for representing the underlying dynamics; and (2) use of the local approximation technique for prediction. For implementation, river flow and suspended sediment transport variables observed at the St. Louis (Missouri) station are studied. Specifically, daily water discharge, suspended sediment concentration and suspended sediment load data are analysed for their predictability and range, by making predictions from one day to ten days ahead. The results lead to the following conclusions: (1) extremely good one‐day ahead predictions are possible for all the series; (2) prediction accuracy decreases with increasing lead time for all the series, but the decrease is much more significant for suspended sediment concentration and suspended sediment load; and (3) the number of mechanisms dominantly governing the dynamics is three for each of the series. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modelling of the conductance distribution at the eastern margin of the European Hercynides     

S. Kovacikova  V. Cerv  O. Praus 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2005,49(3):403-421

Magnetic variation data recorded at 143 sites in the period range of 1000–6000 seconds were used to model the conductance distribution in the eastern part of the Bohemian Massif (BM) and the West Carpathians (WCP). The region represents a contact zone of the Palaeozoic Hercynian and Tertiary Carpathian orogenic systems. Two anomalies in the distribution of the electrical conductivity were found. One with a simple two-dimensional feature is located approximately near the boundary of the Inner and Outer West Carpathians, but the other of a complicated three-dimensional character is at the eastern margin of the BM. We inverted the observed geomagnetic data for the conductance in a unimodal thin sheet embedded at a specific depth. The inversion algorithm minimises the parametric functional that sums the squared norm of the misfit and the stabilising functional, and employs conjugate gradient optimisation. To express the sharp tectonic boundaries, we employed a minimum gradient support functional, which is applied in areas with strong variations of the model parameters. The inversion results confirmed a quasi-linear character of the regional anomaly distinguishing the Carpathian plate and led to new insight into the anomaly over the eastern margin of the BM. According to the results of the modelling the anomaly is formed by several conductive belts intersecting the anomalous zone. These belts follow important faults, dividing the transition zone between the BM and the WCP into individual blocks.  相似文献   

一次逼近理论下边坡稳定的模糊随机数值分析     

王亚军  王艳军 《岩土工程技术》2005,19(5):220-224

在协调元基础上,通过一次逼近理论,建立随机有限元模型,并通过模糊数学模型实现对边坡体工作状态的软化处理;借助于模糊随机数值方法对荆南长江干堤局部破坏失效进行了较为全面的研究。  相似文献   

Backscattering from spherical elastic inclusions and accuracy of the Kirchhoff approximation for curved interfaces     

David W. Eaton 《Geophysical Journal International》2006,166(3):1249-1258

The Kirchhoff (or tangent plane) approximation, derived from the theoretically complete Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral representation for the seismic wavefield, has been used extensively for the analysis of seismic-wave scattering from irregular interfaces; however, the accuracy of this method for curved interfaces has not been rigorously established. This paper describes an efficient Kirchhoff algorithm to simulate scattered waves from an arbitrarily curved interface in an elastic medium. Synthetic seismograms computed using this algorithm are compared with exact synthetics computed using analytical formulae for scattering of plane P waves by a spherical elastic inclusion. A windowing technique is used to remove strong internal reverberations from the analytical solution. Although the Kirchhoff method tends to underestimate the total scattering intensity, the accuracy of the approximation improves with increasing value of the wavenumber-radius product, kR . The arrival times and pulse shapes of primary reflections from the sphere are well approximated using the Kirchhoff approach regardless of curvature of the scattering surface, but the amplitudes are significantly underestimated for kR ≤ 5. The results of this work provide some new guidelines to assess the accuracy of Kirchhoff-synthetic seismograms for curved interfaces.  相似文献