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91.
大陆岩石圈流变学研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
简单介绍了流变学的概念和两种基本研究方法,基于大陆岩石圈较大洋岩石圈有更为复杂的流变特征客观事实,指出研究大陆岩石圈流变学的重要性,并提出几个主要的研究方向和领域。 相似文献
92.
93.
C. O. Okagbue 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1995,13(3):157-168
Summary The permeability of graded sands was studied in the laboratory to determine the influence, if any, of stratification order on permeability (i.e. the position in which finer or coarser layers occur in the flow path). The evidence suggests that the order of stratification does not influence the order of magnitude of permeability of a sand. This order of magnitude is determined by the fine fraction of the sand. However, the order of stratification does have an influence on the finer details (i.e. variation within the same order of magnitude) of permeability. In this regard, an unsorted sand (all fractions mixed together) has the lowest permeability while a sorted one that has the fine fraction at the end of the sequence has the highest vertical permeability. It is also concluded that empirical formulae that use only the effective size, D
10, to estimate permeability yield results that are comparable with those that incorporate sorting in their formulae. However, experimental results show that these formulae do not yield reliable results when used for more denser sands. 相似文献
94.
95.
A condition is derived for consistency of the standard-equation with Monin–Obukhov (MO) similarity theory of thestably-stratified surface layer. The condition is derivedby extending the procedure used to derive the analogous condition forneutral theory to stable stratification. It is shown that consistencywith MO theory requires a function of flux Richardson number, Rif, to be absorbed into either of two closure parameters, c 1 or c 2.Inconsistency, on the other hand, results if constant values of these are maintained for all Rif, as is done in standardapplication of the equation, and the large overpredictions ofturbulence found in such application to the one-dimensionalstable atmospheric boundary layer (1D-SBL) are traced to thisinconsistency. Guided by this, we formulate a MO-consistent-equation by absorbing the aforementioned function intoc 1, and combine this with a Level-2.5 second-orderclosure model for vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivities.Numerical predictions of the 1D-SBL by the modified model converge to a quasi-steady state, rectifying the predictive failure of the standard -equation for the case.Quasi-steady predictions of non-dimensional variables agree stronglywith Nieuwstadt's theory. Qualitative accuracy of predictionsis inferred from comparisons to field data, large-eddy simulationresults and Rossby-number similarity relationships. 相似文献
96.
The world-class Idrija mercury deposit (western Slovenia) is hosted by highly deformed Permocarboniferous to Middle Triassic sedimentary rocks within a complex tectonic structure at the transition between the External Dinarides and the Southern Alps. Concordant and discordant mineralization formed concomitant with Middle Triassic bimodal volcanism in an aborted rift. A multiple isotopic (C, O, S) investigation of host rocks and ore minerals was performed to put constraints on the source and composition of the fluid, and the hydrothermal alteration. The distributions of the 13C and 18O values of host and gangue carbonates are indicative of a fracture-controlled hydrothermal system, with locally high fluid-rock ratios. Quantitative modeling of the 13C and 18O covariation for host carbonates during temperature dependent fluid-rock interaction, and concomitant precipitation of void-filling dolomites points to a slightly acidic hydrothermal fluid (13C–4 and 18O+10), which most likely evolved during isotopic exchange with carbonates under low fluid/rock ratios. The 34S values of hydrothermal and sedimentary sulfur minerals were used to re-evaluate the previously proposed magmatic and evaporitic sulfur sources for the mineralization, and to assess the importance of other possible sulfur sources such as the contemporaneous seawater sulfate, sedimentary pyrite, and organic sulfur compounds. The 34S values of the sulfides show a large variation at deposit down to hand-specimen scale. They range for cinnabar and pyrite from –19.1 to +22.8, and from –22.4 to +59.6, respectively, suggesting mixing of sulfur from different sources. The peak of 34S values of cinnabar and pyrite close to 0 is compatible with ore sulfur derived dominantly from a magmatic fluid and/or from hydrothermal leaching of basement rocks. The similar stratigraphic trends of the 34S values of both cinnabar and pyrite suggest a minor contribution of sedimentary sulfur (pyrite and organic sulfur) to the ore formation. Some of the positive 34S values are probably derived from thermochemical reduction of evaporitic and contemporaneous seawater sulfates.Editorial handling: P. Lattanzi 相似文献
97.
新疆-甘肃北山金矿南带的成矿流体演化和成矿机制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
北山金矿南带是西北5省区规模最大的金矿带。选择北山南带的新金厂、老金厂和小西弓金矿床,在矿床地质和岩相学研究的基础上,对脉石英的流体包裹体进行了显微温度计和激光拉曼探针气体成分测定;对石英和矿石黄铁矿的包裹体H2O,CO2和CH4进行了H和C同位素组成测定,对石英和黄铁矿分别做了O和S同位素组成测定。3个金矿床的脉石英含有富CO2+CH4、H2O溶液以及H2O-CO2+CH4包裹体。小西弓金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于270℃-450℃,一部分H2O溶液包裹体圈闭了高盐度流体(16.43—18.63wt.%NaCl equiv.),大部分H2O溶液包裹体和全部富CO2+CH。包裹体代表了中-低盐度(2.8%-13.6%)流体。新金厂金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于210℃-346℃;一部分流体包裹体圈闭了高盐度(10.98%~14%NaCl equiv.)流体,一部分H2O溶液包裹体和绝大多数富CO2+CH4包裹体圈闭了中-低盐度(2.9%-8.81%NaCl equiv.)流体。老金厂金矿床H2O溶液包裹体的均一化温度主要分布于141℃-400℃,含盐度介于1.4%-8.28%,属于中-低盐度流体。进行了大气降水-围岩^18O/^16O、D/H交换反应模拟。小西弓矿床早期硫化物-石英脉金矿成矿流体对应较高的水/岩比(=0.01—0.05),其^18O/^16O和D/H组成更受钾长花岗岩者控制,硫化物的δ^34S值也接近钾长花岗岩的黄铁矿者,指示热液流体围绕着钾长花岗岩的对流淋滤。成矿晚期,围绕着花岗岩侵入体的热液对流崩溃,矿区围岩内发育更大尺度的彼此分离的弥漫性流体渗透淋滤;相应地,小西弓矿床晚期蚀变岩金矿成矿流体的8D值对应低水/岩比(0.005-≈0.01),其δ^18O值变化范围较宽,受当地中元古界变质岩控制,蚀变岩型金矿黄铁矿的δ^34S值也接近中元古界长英质片岩的黄铁矿者。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿成矿流体的δD值和δ^18O值对应的水/岩值分别介于0.004—0.01和0.007~0.02,与岩浆流体或者下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩和英安岩围岩具有更密切的关系。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿黄铁矿样品的δ^34S值介于-2.58‰和-6.32‰,指示S来源于下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩、英安岩和碳质板岩围岩。3个金矿的石英包裹体CO2(δ^13C=-2.20‰--9.14‰),以及石英和黄铁矿包裹体CH4(δ^13C=013.10‰--27.40‰)不平衡;前者来源于幔源岩浆去气,后者来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或者中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳。3个金矿黄铁矿包裹体的CO(δ^13C=-10.79‰--23.62‰)主要来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳,但是,也混合了较少的岩浆CO2。包裹体CO2和CH4δ^13C值的系统变化,也反映了从岩浆侵位和去气、流体对流,到围岩中流体大面积弥漫性渗透淋滤的演化过程。CH4介入成矿流体,导致流体不混溶和金的沉淀。北山金矿南带的形成既不同于典型的造山带型金矿床,也不同于与侵入岩有关的金矿床。我们提出北山金矿南带的成矿模式为:岩浆去气和流体对流、岩石挤压破碎、流体弥漫性渗透淋滤。 相似文献
98.
Robert J. Beare Malcolm K. Macvean Albert A. M. Holtslag Joan Cuxart Igor Esau Jean-Christophe Golaz Maria A. Jimenez Marat Khairoutdinov Branko Kosovic David Lewellen Thomas S. Lund Julie K. Lundquist Anne Mccabe Arnold F. Moene Yign Noh Siegfried Raasch Peter Sullivan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,118(2):247-272
Results are presented from the first intercomparison of large-eddy simulation (LES) models for the stable boundary layer (SBL), as part of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study initiative. A moderately stable case is used, based on Arctic observations. All models produce successful simulations, in as much as they generate resolved turbulence and reflect many of the results from local scaling theory and observations. Simulations performed at 1-m and 2-m resolution show only small changes in the mean profiles compared to coarser resolutions. Also, sensitivity to subgrid models for individual models highlights their importance in SBL simulation at moderate resolution (6.25 m). Stability functions are derived from the LES using typical mixing lengths used in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. The functions have smaller values than those used in NWP. There is also support for the use of K-profile similarity in parametrizations. Thus, the results provide improved understanding and motivate future developments of the parametrization of the SBL. 相似文献
99.
One-dimensional turbulence (ODT) is a single-column simulation in which vertical motions are represented by an unsteady advective process, rather than their customary representation by a diffusive process. No space or time averaging of mesh-resolved motions is invoked. Molecular-transport scales can be resolved in ODT simulations of laboratory-scale flows, but this resolution of these scales is prohibitively expensive in ODT simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), except possibly in small subregions of a non-uniform mesh.Here, two methods for ODT simulation of the ABL on uniform meshes are described and applied to the GABLS (GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study; GEWEX is the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) stable boundary-layer intercomparison case. One method involves resolution of the roughness scale using a fixed eddy viscosity to represent subgrid motions. The other method, which is implemented at lower spatial resolution, involves a variable eddy viscosity determined by the local mesh-resolved flow, as in multi-dimensional large-eddy simulation (LES). When run at typical LES resolution, it reproduces some of the key high-resolution results, but its fidelity is lower in some important respects. It is concluded that a more elaborate empirically based representation of the subgrid physics, closely analogous to closures currently employed in LES of the ABL, might improve its performance substantially, yielding a cost-effective ABL simulation tool. Prospects for further application of ODT to the ABL, including possible use of ODT as a near-surface subgrid closure framework for general circulation modeling, are assessed. 相似文献
100.
A technique was developed to measure stable carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) of light volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as isoprene, methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) using gas
chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS). An automated sampling and cryofocussing system allowed
for the extraction of VOCs from air samples of up to 140 L of air collected over 3 h, and the subsequent 13C/12C analysis of the VOCs by GCC-IRMS. Chromatography using selective transfer between two columns was used to improve the separation
for selected compounds, increasing peak resolution and attaining less noisy baselines. Still, some target compounds could
not be completely separated from co-eluting peaks. To reduce the bias of isotope ratio determinations, which can result from
incomplete peak resolution, a peak-fitting procedure has been developed. In cases of overlapping peaks or substantial baseline
drift, this peak fitting allows more accurate determination of isotope ratios than conventional integration schemes. Comparisons
between off-line IRMS measurements and a peak-evaluation procedure using a prepared VOC gas-phase standard show that isotope
ratios derived from large (>1 ng of carbon per peak) and well-resolved peaks have a reproducibility of ±0.3‰. With smaller
masses in the range of 0.1–1 ng of carbon, reproducibility decreased to ±(0.5–0.8)‰. For a 140 L sample of air, such small
masses of carbon correspond to mixing ratios in the low pptV range. The developed measurement technique was applied to a small
set of ambient air samples taken during hot, sunny periods from late May to early August, 2005, at Forschungszentrum Jülich,
Germany, a semi-rural area. The range of δ13C values determined for isoprene, benzene, and toluene are consistent with those reported in the literature. GCC-IRMS results
of δ13C for ambient samples of isoprene, MACR, and MVK, measured at mixing ratios of 15–280 pptV, are presented and discussed. 相似文献