气候模式中云辐射反馈过程机理的评述   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

汪方  丁一汇 《地球科学进展》2005,20(2):207-215

云对地气系统的辐射收支具有十分重要的作用,云辐射参数化是目前气候模式中不确定性的主要来源。云可以通过多种途径对辐射产生影响,形成不同符号、不同量值的反馈机制。研究表明,模式气候对不同的云辐射参数化方案十分敏感。预报云水含量方案的引入,改进了对云辐射过程的模拟,但与观测资料相比仍有差距。一般说来,模式中引入云水的相变和相互作用的云粒子大小产生负反馈,而光学厚度和云量产生的是正反馈。云辐射反馈的净作用其大小和符号因模式而异。云辐射与大尺度天气气候背景之间有着紧密的联系,尤其是海温对辐射平衡有显著影响。最后总结了当前云辐射研究中存在的主要问题,并提出了改进的途径。  相似文献   

干旱区陆面过程参数改进对东亚区域气候影响的数值模拟     

鲍艳  张宇  吕世华  左洪超 《高原气象》2005,24(4):487-495

为了进一步检验裸土参数化的气候模拟性能,本文在文献[1,2]的基础上,利用NCEP再分析资料和Xie等全球降水资料与CCM3模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明：加入裸土参数化方案的CCM3能较好地再现冬季东亚和中国地区区域气候的主要特征,模式较原CCM3能更好地模拟地表温度和东亚及中国西北地区的降水,对东亚季风环流的模拟也较接近实际。同时,该方案在CCM3中的加入改进了青藏高原冬季降雪带及夏季高原东南部降水中心的模拟,提高了模式对高原冬夏季降水的模拟能力,从而再次说明利用观测资料对模式参数修正及参数化方法的改进是提高数值模式模拟能力的一个重要途径。  相似文献   

不同边界层参数化方案在暴雨数值模拟中的对比分析   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

蔡蕊  王和权  王伟良  毛绍荣 《广东气象》2005,(1):6-8

本文利用非静力平衡的中尺度模式(MM5),通过对一次华南锋前暖区暴雨的数值模拟,比较了3种边界层参数化方案的作用。结果表明：从24小时累积降水的分布来看,MRF方案的预报与实况对比效果最好,其次是Blaekadar高分辨率PBL模式,最差是no PBI,方案。分析MRF方案的输出结果,发现对应每个时刻的累积雨团上空,925hPa都有较强的辐合辐散偶极子与之相配合,而在300hPa则有较强的辐散。不同边界层方案模拟的辐散场有一定的差别,导致了降水的不同预报效果。  相似文献   

Impact of physical parameterizations on simulation of the Caspian Sea lake-effect snow     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2021

The southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea often experiences heavy snowfall during winter season due to the lake effect. The accurate estimation of snowfall in this region is still a challenge for weather forecasters. This study attempts to investigate the simulation of lake-effect snow (LES) event occurring along the southwest coastline of the Caspian Sea from 31 January to 4 February 2014 using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The study evaluates the sensitivity of four microphysics (WSM6, Goddard, Morrison, and Thompson) schemes and two planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes (the Yonsei University (YSU) and the Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ)), yielding eight distinct combinations. The results indicated that all the simulations overestimated the precipitation. However, the best configurations for estimation of precipitation and snow in terms of their spatiotemporal variation were the Morrison-MYJ and the Goddard-MYJ, respectively. Analyses of the vertical profiles of hydrometeor species showed that the combination of Goddard and MYJ schemes created more snow and graupel than the other configurations. Although the combination of WSM-MYJ schemes revealed the least bias, it was not appropriate for the prediction of snow. A comparison of the two boundary layer schemes showed that the MYJ scheme simulated better intensity and distribution of precipitation than the YSU scheme compared to observations. Also, the maximum radar reflectivity of the model output was useful for identifying the location of maximum precipitation.  相似文献   

Interpreting Reynolds stress from perspective of eddy geometry     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2021

Geometric features in oceanic mesoscale eddies such as tilt and anisotropy can influence the properties of the Reynolds stress that provides feedback between the eddies and the background flow. By regarding an eddy as a wave, previous studies have parameterized the Reynolds stress based on the equivalence in the tilt angle between the phase of the eddy stream functions and the variance ellipse for the Reynolds stress (RS-ellipse). However, the wave assumption cannot predict the anisotropy of the RS-ellipse, and also largely simplifies the eddy geometry, which would naturally be an ellipsoid rather than a wave. The present study explores the shape relation between elliptical eddies and the RS-ellipse, by mathematically reformulating the Reynolds stress based on the eddy shape. The new formula reveals that the shape relation is regulated by the horizontal extent of the occurrence probability distribution (PDF) of the eddy, and that the shape of the eddy and RS-ellipse are identical at the place of maximum PDF when the horizontal scale of the PDF is sufficiently larger than the size of the eddy. A similar tendency is found in eddies detected by satellite altimetry in the Kuroshio Extension jet region. A detailed analysis of the PDF in this region shows that the tilts of the eddies are likely to be consistent with the destabilization effect on the jet, suggesting a strong relation between the eddy geometry and the jet's stability in this region. These findings may open a path toward a new method to parameterize the Reynolds stress with the background state, exploiting the shape equivalence between the eddies and the RS-ellipse.  相似文献   

区域气候模式中云量参数化方案的研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

钱云  钱永甫 《热带气象学报》1994,10(4):342-348

首先统计并分析了模式区域内夏季平均的云量分布状况，然后在一有限区域模式中，引进了云－辐射计算模式。比较了３种不同的云量参数化方案，最后提出了一种考虑了大气相对湿度、垂直运动速度的本模式的云量参数化方案，并简要介绍了模式引入不同方案后的模拟结果。模拟结果表明，本模式的方案模拟的云量分布及气候要素场都与实况最接近，说明这一机制反映了云在气候系统中的反馈作用。不同的区域模式宜用不同的云量参数化方案。云量  相似文献   

城市下垫面空气动力学参数确定方法研究综述          下载免费PDF全文

胡张保  俞炳丰 《气象与环境学报》2008,24(5):55-60

地表粗糙度和零平面位移是2个重要的空气动力学参数,对于城市下垫面,粗糙元的形态非常复杂,空间分布上存在较大的非均匀性,如何确定城市下垫面地表粗糙度和零平面位移目前尚无最佳方案。概述了这2个参数适用于城市非均匀下垫面的参数化方法,包括风温观测方法和粗糙元形态学方法。探讨了各自在应用过程中存在的问题及进一步的研究工作,并且提出,通过数学模型的改进和卫星遥感技术的引入,粗糙元形态学方法会有更好的发展前景。  相似文献   

陆面模型Noah-MP的不同参数化方案在沙漠区域的适用性研究     

李火青 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2018,12(6):58-67

为研究陆面模型Noah-MP在沙漠下垫面的最优参数化方案组合,本文利用中国气象局塔克拉玛干沙漠气象野外科学试验基地观测数据,根据沙漠环境特征进行不同参数化方案组合的三组模拟实验,利用观测数据对10 cm土壤温湿度、感热、潜热通量模拟值对比分析得出最优组合。研究表明:第三组对10 cm的土壤温度模拟效果最好,主要原因是Chen97感热交换系数和全网格二流近似(gap=0)辐射传输方案比较符合沙漠的环境特征。三组试验对土壤湿度模拟效果差,其主要原因是沙漠的土壤信息未能体现在模式中,第二组选择CLM方案对土壤类型影响蒸发方面有一定考虑,其模拟结果相对较好。对于感热通量,第一、二组模拟值在波峰存在高估,尤其是第二组模拟值在降水后出现了明显低估情况,第三组模拟效果最好,主要得益于选择了感热交换系数Chen97方案,能够较为真实的刻画Ch变化特征。潜热通量在四个特征量中模拟效果最差,主要原因是沙漠土壤水分极低,观测降水和实际进入土壤的水量有差异,另外没有植被和植物根系,模式无法准确计算土壤蒸发和植被蒸散。根据统计分析和泰勒图可知,第三组能够更好地还原沙漠区域的陆面过程。  相似文献   

Effects of Topographic Slopes on Hydrological Proecsses and Climate     

Jinliang Liu  Han-Ru Cho 《大气科学进展》2001,18(5):733-741

Based on previous research results on river re-distribution models, a modification on the effects of topographic slopes for a runoff parameterization was proposed and implemented to the NCAR＇s land sur face model (LSM). This modification has two aspects: firstly, the topographic slopes cause outflows from higher topography and inflows into the lower topography points; secondly, topographic slopes also cause decrease of infiltration at higher topography and increases of infiltration at lower topography. Then changes in infiltration result in changes in soil moisture, surface fluxes and then in surface temperature, and eventual ly in the upper atmosphere and the climate. This mechanism is very clearly demonstrated in the point bud gets analysis at the Andes Mountains vicinities. Analysis from a regional scale perspective in the Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS) area, the focus of the ongoing Canadian GEWEX program, shows that the modi fied runoff parameterization does bring significant changes in the regional surface climate. More important ly, detailed analysis from a global perspective shows many encouraging improvements introduced by the modified LSM over the original model in simulating basic atmospheric climate properties such as thermodynamic features (temperature and humidity). All of these improvements in the atmospheric climate simulation illustrate that the inclusion of topographic effects in the LSM can force the AGCM to produce a more realistic model climate.  相似文献   

黄山夏季气溶胶多尺度吸湿性的参数化方案构建研究     

王启花  杨素英  李艳伟  银燕  张泽锋  陈魁  赵丽君 《气象学报》2016,74(6):989-1001

利用2014年7月在黄山光明顶观测的气溶胶吸湿性参数（κ）和气溶胶离子化学组分、有机碳（OC,organic carbon）数据,对多尺度气溶胶吸湿性参数进行分析,并在此基础上建立了多尺度κ的参数化方案。研究结果表明,影响黄山夏季气溶胶来源的主要气团包括西南气团、北方气团以及东南气团。黄山夏季κ的变化范围为0.2-0.48,且随粒径增大成先增大后减小的分布特征;气溶胶粒径在0.15-1.1 μm的强吸湿段,κ>0.3,而在粒径小于0.15 μm和粒径大于1.1 μm弱吸湿段,κκ分布不同,气溶胶粒子在小于1.1 μm的粒径段,当受西南气团影响时,κ值最大,而受东南气团影响时,κ值最小;在气溶胶粒径大于1.1 μm时,κ在两个气团背景下呈现与气溶胶粒径小于1.1 μm时相反的分布特征。影响粒径小于1.1 μm气溶胶吸湿能力的主要水溶性化学组分为NH4+、SO42-、水溶性有机碳（WSOC,water soluble organic carbon）,而影响大于1.1 μm粒径范围气溶胶吸湿能力的主要水溶性化学组分为NH4+、SO42-、NO3-、WSOC和Ca2+。由气溶胶多尺度离子化学组分和WSOC构建的气溶胶κ的参数化方案,在小于1.1 μm和大于1.1 μm的粒径范围内的表达式分别为κreg=0.12+0.45fNH4++0.63fSO42-+0.18fWSOC和κreg=0.01+0.78fNH4++0.76fNO3-+0.8fSO42--0.28fCa2++0.14fWSOC（f为对应组分的质量份数）。两个参数化方案均能较好地预报κ,预报值κreg与κ的计算值间存在较好的相关关系,相关系数通过了置信度99%的显著性检验,且预报误差在30%范围内。   相似文献