A Note on a Parameterization of the Sea Drag     

V. K. Makin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(3):593-600

A new parameterization of the sea drag is based on a wind-over-wavescoupling theory. The parameterization accounts for the wind speed, wave ageand finite depth dependencies of the sea drag. The latter two are introducedthrough the integral parameters of the wind-wave field: the dominant waveheight and the wavenumber at the spectral peak, and the water depth. Theparameterization is checked against the wind-over-waves model results andtwo field datasets obtained in a wide range of the wind speed and wave age.The comparison is encouraging. The parameterization is aimed for use inoperational ocean-state and atmosphere models.  相似文献   

冰雹生长物理过程参数化研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

房文  郑国光  胡志晋 《气象学报》2002,60(6):698-705

对冰雹生长物理过程的理论与实验研究都表明 ,冰雹生长过程中表面热量与质量传输决定了冰雹生长率及其结构特征。然而 ,许多模式研究者在冰雹的热量平衡方程中 ,关键的热传输系数一直引用Ranz和Marshall在小雷诺数下对水滴蒸发的测定结果进行外推 ,与实际的冰雹状况差距较大。本文利用郑国光在与实际冰雹尺度相对应的雷诺数范围内 ,对热传输系数的测定结果 ,进行参数化处理 ,应用于胡志晋等的一维及三维冰雹生长模式 ,结果发现冰雹的融化、蒸发、干湿增长都有很大不同。其中冰雹的融化率比原模式大 12 %～ 5 0 % ;冰雹的蒸发率比原模式大 10 %～ 2 0 0 % ;冰雹的干湿增长率增大 10 %～ 40 %。  相似文献   

三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅰ:模式及其电过程参数化方案   总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14  

孙安平  言穆弘  张义军  张鸿发  黄美元 《气象学报》2002,60(6):722-731

为了研究风暴中的动力、微物理和电过程三者间的相互作用 ,在已有的工作基础上 ,建立了一个三维强风暴动力 电耦合数值模式。模式中将云中水物质分为水汽、云水、雨水、冰晶、雪、霰和雹 7类 ,各种粒子采用双变参数谱。考虑了详细的起电过程 ,它们包括扩散、电导、感应和非感应以及次生冰晶起电机制。此外 ,在模式中加入了云内放电参数化过程和云顶处屏蔽电荷层形成的参数化方案用以研究整个雷暴生命史内的电活动特征。最后利用CCOPE(CooperativeConvectivePrecipitationExperiment)计划中 1981年 7月 19日的风暴资料对模式的性能进行了验证 ,模拟结果显示此模式可以较好地描述风暴中动力、微物理和电结构的发展演变过程。  相似文献   

一个海底底质冲淤模型的应用研究          下载免费PDF全文

林新油  万振文  江毓武  杨金湘 《海洋与湖沼》2008,39(4)

采用逆方法，研究了同安湾底质冲淤模型的部分关键参数的确定。由于海底底质冲淤模型是一个高度参数化的非线性微分方程，参数确定是模型应用中的关键性问题，它直接关系到模型的稳定性和敏感性，通常是依据经验来确定。逆方法使得模型应用中的参数确定与模式检验联系在一起，减少了主观经验的参与。在厦门同安湾的应用中，模拟结果显示，经过清淤整治，主要潮汐通道的冲刷趋势明显增强，高集海堤等海区的严重淤积状况得以缓解，西海岸有部分回淤。研究结果表明。模型在稳定性和敏感性方面得到更理想的表现。  相似文献   

Sensitivity of tropical cyclone intensification to boundary layer and convective processes   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

D. V. Bhaskar Rao  Dasari Hari Prasad 《Natural Hazards》2007,41(3):429-445

This study examines the role of the parameterization of convection, planetary boundary layer (PBL) and explicit moisture processes on tropical cyclone intensification. A high-resolution mesoscale model, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) model MM5, with two interactive nested domains at resolutions 90 km and 30 km was used to simulate the Orissa Super cyclone, the most intense Indian cyclone of the past century. The initial fields and time-varying boundary variables and sea surface temperatures were taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (FNL) one-degree data set. Three categories of sensitivity experiments were conducted to examine the various schemes of PBL, convection and explicit moisture processes. The results show that the PBL processes play crucial roles in determining the intensity of the cyclone and that the scheme of Mellor-Yamada (MY) produces the strongest cyclone. The combination of the parameterization schemes of MY for planetary boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch2 for convection and Mixed-Phase for explicit moisture produced the best simulation in terms of intensity and track. The simulated cyclone produced a minimum sea level pressure of 930 hPa and a maximum wind of 65 m s⁻¹ as well as all of the characteristics of a mature tropical cyclone with an eye and eye-wall along with a warm core structure. The model-simulated precipitation intensity and distribution were in good agreement with the observations. The ensemble mean of all 12 experiments produced reasonable intensity and the best track.  相似文献   

The global distribution of gravity wave energy in the lower stratosphere derived from GPS data and gravity wave modelling: Attempt and challenges     

K. Frhlich  T. Schmidt  M. Ern  P. Preusse  A. de la Torre  J. Wickert  Ch. Jacobi 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2007,69(17-18):2238

Five years of global temperatures retrieved from radio occultations measured by Champ (Challenging Minisatellite Payload) and SAC-C (Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-C) are analyzed for gravity waves (GWs). In order to separate GWs from other atmospheric variations, a high-pass filter was applied on the vertical profile. Resulting temperature fluctuations correspond to vertical wavelengths between 400 m (instrumental resolution) and 10 km (limit of the high-pass filter). The temperature fluctuations can be converted into GW potential energy, but for comparison with parameterization schemes GW momentum flux is required. We therefore used representative values for the vertical and horizontal wavelength to infer GW momentum flux from the GPS measurements. The vertical wavelength value is determined by high-pass filtering, the horizontal wavelength is adopted from a latitude-dependent climatology. The obtained momentum flux distributions agree well, both in global distribution and in absolute values, with simulations using the Warner and McIntyre parameterization (WM) scheme. However, discrepancies are found in the annual cycle. Online simulations, implementing the WM scheme in the mechanistic COMMA-LIM (Cologne Model of the Middle Atmosphere—Leipzig Institute for Meteorology) general circulation model (GCM), do not converge, demonstrating that a good representation of GWs in a GCM requires both a realistic launch distribution and an adequate representation of GW breaking and momentum transfer.  相似文献   

青藏高原夏季土壤有机质及砾石影响水热 传输特性的数值模拟     

马琴  刘新  李伟平  丁宝弘 《大气科学》2014,38(2):337-351

本文针对青藏高原部分地区土壤有机质和砾石含量较高的特点,在前人工作的基础上,发展了一个新的参数化方案以描述土壤有机质和砾石对土壤导热率、导水率的影响。通过对通用陆面模式CoLM中的土壤水、热参数化方案以及地表蒸发阻抗三方面的逐步改进,对青藏高原藏东南站和纳木错站两种不同下垫面进行单点数值模拟分析。对比原方案与最终优化方案的模拟结果表明:采用新方案的CoLM模式对藏东南站土壤湿度模拟性能明显提高,平均偏差减小到0.04,而对纳木错站浅层20 cm以上土壤湿度的模拟偏差略微增大。新方案在藏东南站对土壤内部温度的模拟改善较为显著,平均偏差减小了0.2℃;而在纳木错站40 cm以上有所改进。新参数化方案较好地模拟了两个观测站表面能量通量的时间变化,纳木错站7、8月份的潜热通量改进尤为明显,比原方案减少大约20 W m-2,与观测结果较为接近。  相似文献   

可能最大风暴潮风险评估中各等级热带气旋设定方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李颖  方伟华  林伟  叶妍婷 《海洋科学》2014,38(4):71-80

可能最大热带气旋的设定是可能最大风暴潮计算的基础,对风暴潮灾害应急疏散具有重要意义。利用1949~2011年中国气象局(CMA)西北太平洋热带气旋最佳路径数据集、美国联合台风预警中心(JTWC)以及美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)最大风速半径数据集,基于各等级热带气旋参数之间的定量关系,建立了各等级可能最大热带气旋最大风速、中心气压、最大风速半径、移动速度、移动方向等参数设定及路径合成的方法。以福建省连江县为例,按照台风、强台风及超强台风强度等级,分强度衰减和不衰减2种情况,设定3种移动方向,合成了共216场热带气旋作为可能最大风暴潮的计算输入。另外,对参数敏感性、风场参数设定、参数设定与计算量的关系、叠加天文潮以及溃堤等问题进行了讨论。  相似文献   

Study on linear and nonlinear bottom friction parameterizations for regional tidal models using data assimilation   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jicai Zhang  Xianqing LuPing Wang  Ya Ping Wang 《Continental Shelf Research》2011,31(6):555-573

Data assimilation technique (adjoint method) is applied to study the similarities and the differences between the Ekman (linear) and the Quadratic (nonlinear) bottom friction parameterizations for a two-dimensional tidal model. Two methods are used to treat the bottom friction coefficient (BFC). The first method assumes that the BFC is a constant in the entire computation domain, while the second applies the spatially varying BFCs. The adjoint expressions for the linear and the nonlinear parameterizations and the optimization formulae for the two BFC methods are derived based on the typical Largrangian multiplier method. By assimilating the model-generated ‘observations’, identical twin experiments are performed to test and validate the inversion ability of the presented methodology. Four experiments, which employ the linear parameterization, the nonlinear parameterizations, the constant BFC and the spatially varying BFC, are carried out to simulate the M₂ tide in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea by assimilating the TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry and tidal gauge data. After the assimilation, the misfit between model-produced and observed data is significantly decreased in the four experiments. The simulation results indicate that the nonlinear Quadratic parameterization is more accurate than the linear Ekman parameterization if the traditional constant BFC is used. However, when the spatially varying BFCs are used, the differences between the Ekman and the Quadratic approaches diminished, the reason of which is analyzed from the viewpoint of dissipation rate caused by bottom friction. Generally speaking, linear bottom friction parameterizations are often used in global tidal models. This study indicates that they are also applicable in regional ocean tidal models with the combination of spatially varying parameters and the adjoint method.  相似文献   

大气边界层高度确定及应用研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张宏昇  张小曳  李倩惠  蔡旭晖  范绍佳  宋宇  胡非  车慧正  权建农  康凌  朱彤 《气象学报》2020,78(3):522-536

大气边界层高度是表征边界层特征的重要参量,影响边界层内水热、物质、能量的垂直分布,也是数值模拟、环境评估中的重要参数。从湍流运动、热力作用、动力作用以及物质分布等多视角总结了大气边界层高度的定义及确定方法,回顾了采用直接观测手段和遥感手段确定大气边界层高度的不同方法,对比了大气边界层高度不同获取手段的优缺点,梳理了大气边界层高度参数化方案,探讨了大气边界层高度确定中存在的问题,并提出未来相关研究和应用可能突破方向。   相似文献