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41.
对NASA的TOMS臭氧资料进行分析后指出:冬季在北极的斯堪的那维亚地区存在一个明显的臭氧亏损区,亏损区的中心值达-50 DU,相当于该区域平均值的 15%。对臭氧亏损和北大西洋海温的东西向差异作相关分析得到:其季节变化的相关系数为-0.96,逐月( 168个月)变化的相关系数为-0.70。同样对臭氧亏损与地面加热进行相关分析后指出:斯堪的那维亚地区的臭氧亏损和该地区地面的热通量关系极其密切,其相关系数均在-0.87以上。由此我们认为:北大西洋暖流向北输送能量,引起斯堪的纳维亚地区地面加热,由此造成了冬季该地区的臭氧亏损。 相似文献
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEATING ANOMALY EFFECTS OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER 下载免费PDF全文
A 5-layer numerical model with p-σ incorporated coordinate system and primitive equations is used to simulatethe effects of heating anomaly at and over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang)Plateau on the circulations in East Asia in sum-mer,The model is described briefly in the text and the results are analysed in somewhat detail.Results show that the sur-face albedo,the drag coefficient,the evaporation rate and the ground temperature all have large influences on the circula-tion near the Plateau and in East Asia.When the heating at the surface increases,the Tibetan high in the uppertroposphere intensifies,too.Its area enlarges and its axis tilts to northwest.The upper tropical easterly increase andshifts to north.The southwesterly in the lower troposphere,in consistence,also increases.The cross-equatorial low-lev-el currents along Somali and South India are influenced to increase their speeds while those over North Australia de-crease.The land low over the Asian Continent deepens.Meanwhile the upward motions over the land of east China andover the Indo-China Peninsula intensify and therefore the precipitation over those areas increases.However,along thecoastal area of China the upward motions and therefore the precipitation decrease.Atmospheric heat source anomaly has large influence on the circulation,too.Simulated results indicate that heatsource anomaly in the lower atmosphere over the Plateau influences the intensity and the position of the monsoon circu-lation while that in the upper atmosphere only affects the intensity.The heating status over the Plateau has slight influ-ence on the westerly jet,north of the Plateau,while it has strong effect on the subtropical jet at the mid and low latitudes. 相似文献
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一个缓慢移动的中尺度对流复合体内层状降水区的微结构分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文对一个中纬中尺度对流复合体层状降水区的微物理结构,结合雷达、卫星和其他飞机观测资料进行了分析.结果表明,MCC层状区内某些部位盛行冰晶聚合体,它们分布在相当厚的过冷气层内(0.5—-14℃或更冷).冰晶聚并过程足层状区内降水质点增长的主要机制.它起源于较高较冷的气层,在冰晶聚合体下降途中聚并效率渐趋增强,在0℃层附近形成一大的冰晶聚合带. 层状区中云滴液态含水量一般低于0.3g·m~(-3).0℃层以下降水质点数浓度较低,平均为0.8L~(-1)(2D-P资料)和2.3L~(-1)(2D-C资料),相应的平均体积中值直径分别为1.0和0.6mm.在0—-10c气层内,冰质点平均数浓度为27L~(-1)(2D-P资料)和133L~(-1)(2D-C),远人于0℃层以下的雨滴数浓度,相应的平均体积中值直径为0.8和0.4mm.冰质点数浓度随高度向上增加,在飞机垂直探测的顶部(6600m高度)观测到最大数浓度52L~(-1)(2D-P资料)和289L~(-1)(2D-C资料).冰质点大小则相反,是随高度下降而增大的.在0℃层附近冰晶聚合体较大较多,冰质点中15%以上是聚合体,2D-P探头观测的冰质点平均体积中值直径达1.8mm. 滴谱分析表明,负指数律分布能较好地拟合所有观测的降水质点大小谱分布.对水滴,斜率参数λ平均为17(±3.6)cm~(-1),相对变差不超过20%,在云模式研究中可以近似地假定λ是常数.然而,对冰质点样本,λ值可相差3倍以上,小能当作常数处理.至于截距参数N_0,不论是水滴还是冰晶样本,都是变量,其值可有2—3个数量级之差.但是,N_0与λ之间数值上相关很好,据此可以将降水质点谱简化为单参数分布. 相似文献
45.
The stability of a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere system similar to the one studied by Hirst with general ocean thermodynamics
is investigated in which the atmospheric heating is determined by sea surface temperature anomalies as well as the convergence
feedback (low level moisture convergence by the waves themselves). It is shown that the unstable coupled mode found by Hirst
(UH mode) is profoundly modified by the convergence feedback. The feedback increases the unstable range of the UH mode and
can increase its growth rate several folds. The maximally growing UH mode can become westward propagating for certain strength
of convergence feedback. If the convergence feedback strength exceeds a critical value, several new unstable intraseasonal
modes are also introduced. These modes are basically ‘advective’ modes. For relatively weak strengths of the convergence feedback
the growth rates of these modes are smaller than that of the UH mode. As the atmosphere approaches ‘moist neutral’ state,
the growth rates of these modes could become comparable or even larger than that of the UH mode. It is argued that these results
explain why the El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal is clear in the eastern Pacific but not so in the western Pacific
and they may also explain some of the differences between individual ENSO events. Our results also explain the aperiodic behaviour
of some coupled numerical models. Importance of this process in explaining the observed aperiodicity of the ENSO phenomenon
is indicated. 相似文献
46.
A new technique actively controls thermal radiation and monitors sample properties during laser-heating in a diamond anvil cell. The technique can be described as a qualitative application of thermal analysis. Discontinuities in temperature, laser power, visible thermal radiation, or in their derivatives as functions of time can be associated with the enthalpy of phase transitions (such as melting) or with changes in maternal properties (such as emissivity).The technique is illustrated with melting experiments on iron-magnesium-silicate perovskite. Temperature corrections associated with these experiments are discussed and the results are briefly reviewed. 相似文献
47.
Margaret A. LeMone Robert L. Grossman Robert T. Mcmillen Kuo-Nan Liou S.C. Ou Stuart Mckeen Wayne Angevine Kyoko Ikeda Fei Chen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,104(1):1-52
Aircraft, radiosonde, surface-flux, and boundary-layer windprofiler data from the Cooperative Atmosphere Surface Exchange Study's 1997 field project, CASES-97, are combined with synoptic data to study the evolution of the vertically-averaged mixed-layerpotential temperature []and mixing-ratio [Q] onthree nearly-cloudless days from 1000 CST to 1200CST (local noon is approximately 1230 CST). This was achieved through examination of the terms in the time-tendency (`budget')equations for []and [Q]. We estimate three of the terms –local time rate of change, vertical flux divergence, andhorizontal advection. For the [Q]-budget, vertical flux divergence usually dominates, buthorizontal advection is significant on one of the three days. The [Q]-budget balances for two of the three days to within the large experimental error. For the -budget,vertical flux divergence accounts for most of the morningwarming, with horizontal advection of secondary importance.The residual in the -budget has the same sign for all three days, indicating that not all the heating is accounted for. We can balance the []-budgets to within experimental error on two of the three days by correcting the vertical-flux divergence for apparent low biases in the flux measurements of one of the aircraft and in the surface fluxes, and accounting for direct heating of the mixed layer by radiative flux divergence allowing for the effects of carbonaceous aerosols. The [];-budget with these corrections also balances on the third day if horizontal gradients from synoptic maps are used to estimate the horizontal advection. However, the corrected budget for this day does not balance if the horizontal gradient in the advection term is estimated using CASES-97aircraft and radiosondes; we suggest that persistent mesoscale circulations led to an overestimate of the horizontal gradient andhence horizontal advection. 相似文献
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49.
鄂尔多斯盆地中西部深部流体活动及其对奥陶系天然气形成的热作用 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
鄂尔多斯是一个非常稳定的克拉通盆地,深部流体一直被认为是禁区。通过构造学、火成岩岩石学、矿物学、同位素以及热史分析等方法,首次系统证实了鄂尔多斯盆地中西部发生过强烈的深部流体活动,并分析了其形成机制和对奥陶系天然气形成的热演化作用。在中生代晚期,祁连构造域的挤压作用导致盆地西缘发生强烈逆冲推覆、断裂活动及三次大规模的深部流体上涌。这些流体在构造应力作用下主要沿J/T、O/C不整合面运移至盆地中部。流体携带了大量深部热能,使奥陶系上部古地温升高约50℃,并将其中的碳酸盐岩生烃速度提高了至少32倍。最终,深部流体一方面导致奥陶系生烃量显著增加,另一方面也降低了天然气的散失,有助于其聚集成藏。深部流体使鄂尔多斯盆地中西部奥陶系天然气成因复杂化,另外它对深入探索铀和其它金属矿床的形成及盆地演化也具有重要意义。 相似文献
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