无锡市霾天气特征及影响因子研究   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

过宇飞  刘端阳  周彬  夏健  吴莹  胡映红 《气象》2013,39(10):1314-1324

利用太湖北岸无锡气象局国家基本气象观测站1980—2011年地面气象观测资料及1991—2011年无锡市统计年鉴资料,对无锡市霾天气演变特征、气象要素特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：无锡市的霾日数总体呈上升趋势,近5年来更加明显;霾日数冬季>春季>秋季>夏季;连续10 d及以上霾过程都经历了地面均压场、〖JP2〗入海高压后部及地面倒槽3个连续天气过程。出现重度霾的地面天气形势为地面均压场型、冷锋前型、地面低压倒槽型3种类型。连续10 d以上的霾及重度霾,中低空气团的后向轨迹都出现了下沉运动,且气团经过地区为污染物浓度较高区域。工业污染物中的粉尘排放是造成20世纪90年代霾日数增加的最大因素,2004年以后由于工业废气的排放量以及汽车拥有量的逐年增加,霾日数仍然呈上升趋势。  相似文献   

两次秸秆焚烧污染过程的气象条件对比分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

毛宇清  李聪  沈澄  刘冬晴  王永平 《气象》2013,39(11):1473-1480

利用常规气象资料、卫星遥感监测资料、污染物浓度资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料,结合气流后向轨迹模拟,对比分析了南京地区2011年6月10和13日两次由于秸秆焚烧而引起的严重空气污染事件的天气条件、大气边界层特征以及污染物的来源和输送路径等。结果表明：两次污染过程中PM2.5浓度均出现陡升陡降,由秸秆焚烧而产生的细粒子贡献显著。13日高污染的持续时间和强度都高于10日,10日的高低空形势配置和物理量场有利于降水的产生,对污染物有一定的冲刷作用,而13日的高低空形势配置和物理量场则有利于污染物在边界层堆积。两次污染过程的边界层逆温均不明显。气流后向轨迹模拟表明,两次过程都是由区域污染输送造成的,都主要来源于苏中、苏北地区,13日的污染源可能还有苏南和安徽地区。  相似文献   

Evaluation of environmental fate and sinks of PCDD/Fs during specific extreme weather events in Taiwan     

《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2013

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are formed and released unintentionally from anthropogenic sources. The high persistence of PCDD/Fs results in the concentrations of these contaminants in environment decreasing only very slowly. Two transport pathways, air and water, carry PCDD/Fs into all regions of the world. Recently, more frequent extreme weather events, such as storms and floods, have been projected to occur as a result of global warming. Extreme weather events have a documented impact on the remobilization and subsequent bioavailability of POPs. In this study, three specific episodes, namely winter monsoon, southeast biomass burning and tropical cyclone (typhoon) events, which influence the environmental fate and transport of PCDD/Fs in Taiwan, were evaluated based on a climate change scenario. During the winter (northeast) monsoon period, the temperature and relative humidity observed in northern Taiwan decreases sharply. During this time, the quantity of PCDD/Fs adsorbed onto suspended particles, as observed at background sites, was found to increase from 300 ± 127 to 630 ± 115 pg I-TEQ g-TSP⁻¹, which is even higher than that measured in Taipei City (438 ± 80 pg I-TEQ g-TSP⁻¹). Hence, the winter monsoon not only brings cold air but also transports air pollutants and dust over long distances from mainland China to Taiwan. During the 2010 Southeast Asia biomass burning events (2010/3/22–3/28), the level of atmospheric PCDD/Fs were measured in central Taiwan (Mt. Lulin) and in the source region of northern Thailand (Chiang Mai); this revealed that the variations in atmospheric PCDD/F concentrations at these two sites followed a similar pattern. On 25 March 2010, the atmospheric PCDD/F concentration increased dramatically from 1.43 to 6.09 fg I-TEQ m⁻³ at Mt. Lulin and from 7.64 to 12.1 fg I-TEQ m⁻³ in northern Thailand. However, the atmospheric PCDD/F concentration decreased dramatically 1 day after the biomass burning event. Based on the measurements from a dated sediment core collected at a reservoir in northern Taiwan, the sharp increases in input fluxes of PCDD/Fs and mineral-derived elements levels in 1990 (20 ng I-TEQ m⁻² year⁻¹), 2001 (17 ng I-TEQ m⁻² year⁻¹), 2004 (16 ng I-TEQ m⁻² year⁻¹) and 2005 (15 ng I-TEQ m⁻² year⁻¹) seem to be a result of a deep turbid layer formed upstream due to landslides and/or mud flows during the typhoon season. This finding demonstrates the effect of typhoon events on the long-term remobilization of PCDD/Fs as well as supporting the hypothesis that such events would have the potential to remobilize pollutants that have been deposited previously.  相似文献   

磁法和瞬变电磁法探测煤层火烧区边界及富水性     

花育才  孟红星  孙耀峰 《中国煤炭地质》2012,(8):80-84

新疆天山某煤炭勘查区,需查明一水平内火烧煤层的下边界及其富水性。在综合分析该区地质资料及物性参数的基础上,采用了以磁法和瞬变电磁法为主的物探方法。磁法勘探测网设计为20m×80m,并在后期对西部测线进行了加长。根据测区实测磁异常分布图、低通滤波后磁异常分布图、向上延拓30m磁异常分布图及垂向二阶导数磁异常分布图,圈定火烧区主要分布在测区的北部。瞬变电磁法勘探测网设计为40m×80m,依据下1、下5及下10煤层底板富水异常分布图,解释下1、下5煤底板的富水性主要集中在测区的北部,与火烧区范围高度一致,而下10煤层底板富水性极不均匀,仅在测区北部煤层露头附近,受砂岩裂隙的影响,接受降水补给形成零星砂岩裂隙富水区。该解释成果经矿方钻孔验证,结论基本可靠。  相似文献   

秸秆焚烧对区域城市空气质量影响的模拟分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

钟方潜  苏琪骅  周任君  易明建  吴其重  颜妍 《气候与环境研究》2017,22(2):149-161

利用融合火点排放源、人为源和生物源的WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry)模式,模拟2015年9月30日08:00(北京时间)起的72 h发生在淮河流域的一次农作物秸秆大面积露天焚烧过程,研究了农作物秸秆焚烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物对区域城市空气质量的影响。通过有无火点两组试验分析了此次秸秆焚烧对流域内河南、山东、江苏和安徽四省83座城市CO、PM10(空气动力学当量直径小于等于10μm的颗粒物,即可吸入颗粒物)、PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物)和O3浓度的定量影响,结果表明:(1)融合NCAR-FINN(Fire Inventory from NCAR)火点排放资料的WRF-Chem模式较好地再现了此次秸秆焚烧及火点烟羽扩散过程。同时结合EDGAR-HTAP(Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution)人为源和MEGAN(Model of Emission of Gases and Aerosols from Nature)生物源的WRF-FIRE(考虑火点排放试验)对流域内城市大气污染物的模拟效果较为理想,尤其对秸秆焚烧释放的污染物CO、PM10和PM2.5和产生的二次污染物O3浓度的模拟。(2)秸秆焚烧所释放的污染物造成流域内城市一次污染物CO、PM10和PM2.5浓度的增加,火点中心和下风向城市增幅最为明显,最大小时浓度增幅达到3倍标准差。气态污染物CO和相比PM10粒径更小的PM2.5可随风扩散至更远的地区,对城市浓度影响更大。(3)此外,秸秆焚烧也使得火点中心城市和下风向城市二次污染物O3浓度增加,但小时浓度增幅极值区分布在火点下风向烟羽末端太阳光照充足的地区,最大小时浓度增幅接近3倍标准差。秸秆焚烧对区域城市空气质量的影响存在明显的空间分布差异且对城市各大气污染成分的影响也不相同。  相似文献   

Low flow water chemistry in forested and pasture catchments,Mawheraiti River,Westland     

M. P. Mosley  L. K. Rowe 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):307-320

Water samples taken at 19 locations in the Mawheraiti River catchment at weekly intervals during 1979–80 were analysed for sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonium ion concentrations and for electrical conductivity. Seasonal discharge effects were apparent, and lithology and land management practice also influenced solute concentrations. Solute concentrations were generally very low; nitrate and soluble phosphate were rarely greater than 0.05 mg.L^‐1 and ammonium was rarely greater than 0.01 mg.L^‐1. The 4 major cations (Na, Mg, K, and Ca) usually summed to less than 6 mg.L^‐1 much of which was supplied by precipitation. Forest management (clearfelling and slash‐burning) caused significant increases in solute concentrations, but concentrations declined rapidly during succeeding months and approached pretreatment levels after 2–3 years. The higher concentrations associated with forest management in small experimental catchments were rapidly diluted downstream; together with the low natural solute concentrations this suggests that harmful downstream effects of management practices are unlikely under low flow conditions.  相似文献   

古人类用火研究及其进展     

胡圆峰  周斌  庞洋  徐向春 《第四纪研究》2019,(1):240-257

火的使用在人类进化过程中发挥了非常重要的作用。学术界对于人类使用火的历史与过程做了大量的研究,检验古人类遗址区域是否发生过燃烧事件的技术手段也在不断地进步。通过对南非开普敦Wonderwerk洞穴、以色列Qesem洞穴、北京周口店猿人洞以及湖北黄龙洞等地古人类用火相关文献的系统调研和归纳总结,认为探讨一个遗址是否存在古人类主动用火时,首先要获取该遗址的文化考古和地层资料,确定是否曾发生过燃烧事件,然后分析是何物质发生燃烧,以及与人类活动的联系。分析表明,目前还没有任何单一的方法可以确定更新世早期的古人类用火信息,多种方法的结合才可能得到比较准确的结论。选择宏观形态分析初步判断有火活动的区域,利用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、元素碳含量分析等地球化学手段确定火事件发生的确切证据,再利微观形态及微地层分析对完整沉积物进行系统研究以揭示其就地用火的可能性,从而形成古人类用火的完整证据链。由于碳稳定同位素在植被、气候与人类活动相互联系方面的广泛应用,在古人类用火研究引入这一技术手段,可为该领域提供新的研究方法和思路。  相似文献   

大别造山带片麻岩区可燃气的发现及勘探意义     

柳忠泉 《安徽地质》2009,19(4):255-259

大别造山带和合肥盆地是紧密相连的两个构造单元,它们在形成和时空演化上具有密切的关系。在大别造山带内发现的可燃天然气和发生燃烧的隧道具有明显的区域性,集中分布于磨子潭-晓天断裂以南的北大别杂岩带和信阳-舒城断裂附近的早石炭世变质石英片岩中,磨子潭-晓天断裂和信阳-舒城断裂是连通深部的气源通道断裂;推覆体之下的寒武系凤台组和北淮阳型石炭系两套海相烃源岩是隧道可燃天然气的主力气源岩,其中下寒武统凤台组烃源岩具有高碳、高“R0”、高Tmax低氯仿“A”的特点,已进入热演化的过成熟阶段;北淮阳型石炭系烃源岩有机质丰度高,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,热演化程度很高,大量的油气已经生成,最重要的是研究其成烃过程与圈闭配套史的关系。大别造山带隧道可燃天然气的发现展示了合肥盆地区深部海相层系良好的勘探前景,因此下步勘探重心应从“中新生代盆地系统”转移到“深部海相层系”,以寻找“古生古储”或“古生新储”类型油气藏为主。  相似文献   

东南亚地区生物体燃烧影响华南地区对流层臭氧垂直分布的个例分析   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

郑永光  朱佩君  陈尊裕  陈鲁言  崔宏  郑向东  赵琼  秦瑜 《地球物理学报》2004,47(5):767-775

2001年3月7日与8日在香港与昆明用电化学臭氧探空仪探测到了对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布. 本文使用NCEP（美国环境预报中心）分析资料、中尺度数值模式MM5模拟的大气环流数据、卫星观测的东南亚地区的生物体燃烧状况、气溶胶指数等资料,分析了这段时间的天气形势、大气环流、空气的后向轨迹以及生物体燃烧产生的烟尘的轨迹,结果发现高浓度的臭氧空气来源于有生物体燃烧的中南半岛地区. 燃烧烟尘的轨迹还表明生物体燃烧地区的下风方的对流层低层臭氧的分布会受到上游地区生物体燃烧产物的影响.  相似文献   

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from rural household biomass burning in a typical Chinese village     

HaiLin Wang  YaHui Zhuang  ZhengPing Hao  MeiQiu Cao  JinXian Zhong  XiaoKe Wang  Thi Kim Oanh Nguyen 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,51(7):1013-1020

Biomass energy sources are still popular in the rural areas of developing countries for cooking and space heating. Since the incomplete combustion of agricultural residues in home-made ranges might lead to both outdoor and indoor air pollution and cause potential health threat to the rural population, we monitored the ambient levels of 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a typical rural site. Ambient particulate PAH samples (PM2.5 and PM10) were taken during both cooking and non-cooking periods. Source emission monitoring was also conducted for both improved and tra- ditional cooking stoves used in the area. Ambient PAHs had a significant increase during the cooking periods and varied from 72.1 to 554.4 ng/m3. The highest total PAH levels were found during the supper cooking time, in which five- and six-ring species accounted for a large proportion. The observed PAH levels during cooking periods at this rural site were even higher than those in urban areas. A good correlation was found between the benzo[a]pyrene level and the total PAH concentration (r=0.98), making benzo[a]pyrene a potential molecular marker for PAH pollution in the rural areas, where bio- mass burning is typical. The profiles of the particulate PAHs in both ambient air and source emissions showed a high proportion of high molecular-mass PAHs. In addition, emission factors of 16 PAHs from an improved household stove were found to be significantly lower than those from traditional stoves used in China and in other Asian countries.  相似文献