This work is devoted to the physico-chemical study of cadmium and lead interaction with diatom–water interfaces for two marine planktonic (Thalassiosira weissflogii = TW, Skeletonema costatum = SC) and two freshwater periphytic species (Achnanthidium minutissimum = AMIN, Navicula minima = NMIN) by combining adsorption measurements with surface complexation modeling. Reversible adsorption experiments were performed at 20 °C after 3 h of exposure as a function of pH, metal concentration in solution, and ionic strength. While the shape of pH-dependent adsorption edge is similar among all four diatom species, the constant-pH adsorption isotherm and maximal binding capacities differ. These observations allowed us to construct a surface complexation model for cadmium and lead binding by diatom surfaces that postulates the constant capacitance of the electric double layer and considers Cd and Pb complexation with mainly carboxylic and, partially, silanol groups. Parameters of this model are in agreement with previous acid–base titration results and allow quantitative reproduction of all adsorption experiments. 相似文献
Mt. Amiata (Southern Tuscany, Central Italy) is an extinct Quaternary volcano located in an area still marked by high heat-flow that is caused by deep seated (6-10 km) hot masses related to Pliocene magmatic activity. The anomalous geothermal gradient gives rise, within the Mesozoic limestone formation (Tuscan series), to geothermal systems that fed the Ca-SO4 thermal springs characterizing this area. Besides of thermal fluids, several cold, dry CO2-rich gas emissions seep out on the NE flank of the volcano. These gas vents mostly consist of large sub-circular craters at variable depth and diameter (5-15 m and 10-50 m, respectively), and represent a serious hazard for the local population, as testified by the several asphyxia casualties that have been repeatedly occurred within these morphological depressions. In this work, the chemical and isotopic compositions of the Mt. Amiata "CO2-rich gas vents" and the estimation of both the CO2 flux from the soil and the CO2 distribution in air of their surroundings, has been carried out in order to: (1) assess the origin of gases, (2) recognize the mechanism of formation for these gas emissions and their relationship with local tectonics, and (3) to evaluate the CO2 hazard in the high flux emanations. The chemical composition of the gases is largely dominated by CO2 (up to 98 % by vol) and shows relatively high concentrations of N2, CH4 and H2S (up to 1.1%, 0.9% and 3.9 % by vol, respectively). These features, coupled with the carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures, suggest that the origin of the main gas compounds may be related to the contribution of deep (i.e., thermometamorphic processes on carbonate formations for CO2) and shallow (i.e. thermal decomposition of organic material for CH4, N2 and H2S) sources. 相似文献
Guizhou is located in the Circum-Pacific Global Mercuriferous Belt, and mercury concentrations in soil in this area are enriched. In-situ total gaseous mercury (TGM) exchange fluxes between air and soil surface were intensively measured at four sampling sites in Guiyang from 21 May to 16 June, 2003, and five sites in the Lanmuchang mercury mining area in December 2002 and May 2003, respectively. The in-situ Hg flux measurement was conducted with a dynamic flux chamber (DFC) of quartz. Overall, net emissions were obtained from all sampling sites. Soil mercury concentration and solar radiation have been proved to be the two most important parameters to control mercury emissions from soil. Meanwhile, rain events can enhance mercury emission rate significantly. 相似文献
Argillaceous rocks cover about one thirds of the earth's surface. The major engineering problems encountered with weak- to medium-strength argillaceous rocks could be slaking, erosion, slope stability, settlement, and reduction in strength. One of the key properties for classifying and determining the behavior of such rocks is the slake durability. The concept of slake durability index (SDI) has been the subject of numerous researches in which a number of factors affecting the numerical value of SDI were investigated. In this regard, this paper approaches the matter by evaluating the effects of overall shape and surface roughness of the testing material on the outcome of slake durability indices.
For the purpose, different types of rocks (marl, clayey limestone, tuff, sandstone, weathered granite) were broken into chunks and were intentionally shaped as angular, subangular, and rounded and tested for slake durability. Before testing the aggregate pieces of each rock type, their surface roughness was determined by using the fractal dimension. Despite the variation of final values of SDI test results (values of Id), the rounded aggregate groups plot relatively in a narrow range, but a greater scatter was obtained for the angular and subangular aggregate groups. The best results can be obtained when using the well rounded samples having the lowest fractal values. An attempt was made to analytically link the surface roughness with the Id parameter and an empirical relationship was proposed. A chart for various fractal values of surface roughness to use as a guide for slake durability tests is also proposed. The method proposed herein becomes efficient when well rounded aggregates are not available. In such condition, the approximate fractal value for the surface roughness profile of the testing aggregates could be obtained from the proposed chart and be plugged into the empirical relation to obtain the corrected Id value. The results presented herein represent the particular rock types used in this study and care should be taken when applying these methods to different type of rocks. 相似文献
For more than hundred years it has been debated whether blockfields in mountain summit areas can be used to delimit the vertical extent of Pleistocene ice sheets. In this study the relationship between blockfields, developed in quartzites and sandstones on the Varanger Peninsula, northern Norway, and glacially derived features have been evaluated. Erratics and circular ablation moraines are superimposed on the blockfields and lateral meltwater channels are eroded into them. Glacial striations and other signs of glacial sculpturing are restricted to low-lying areas with channelled ice flow. Relative ages of the blockfields and the features in them are inferred, and the first measurements of in-situ produced cosmogenic nuclides from the Varanger Peninsula are reported. We conclude that the blockfields have survived underneath at least one thick, cold-based ice sheet. Thus, these blockfields cannot be used as indicators of ice-free conditions as previously suggested for southern Norway. Our results have implications for the potential for land surface preservation beneath ice sheets and for glacial reconstructions in northern Fennoscandia. 相似文献
Palaeovariations of the atmospheric 210Pb flux in Northeast China (Long Gang area, Jilin province), quantified by high resolution 210Pb measurements on seasonally laminated sediments of Lake Sihailongwan are presented on decadal scale. The mean flux of unsupported
210Pb between 1790 and 1970 for the centre of the lake basin is 517 Bq m−2 yr−1 with maximum deviations between −23% and +27% of this value. Flux rates above this average were found between 1783 and 1813,
around 1836, and between 1860 and 1901. The mean 210Pbexc flux rates derived were clearly lower around 1821, 1908, 1930, and 1953. The 210Pbexc flux reached its minimum of 344 Bq m−2 yr−1 during the period 1977–1982. The atmospheric flux of unsupported 210Pb is correlated with the precipitation frequency during the summer monsoon and shows coinciding variability with geochemical
proxies that document the groundwater inflow into the lake. Al2O3-rich dust of remote provenance scavenged by wet-deposition in the rainy season is the major carrier of the atmospheric 210Pbexc flux. 相似文献
The varved sediments of the dimictic Lake Sihailongwan (Long Gang mountain area, Jilin Province, Northeast China) represent
a palaeoclimatic archive which documents the local precipitation frequency during the summer monsoon, and variations in the
aeolian flux of dust with their remote sources in the arid and semi-arid regions of inner Asia. Based on a detailed discussion
of sediment genesis in Lake SHL, dust flux rates and palaeohydrological conditions were reconstructed on a decadal scale over
the past 220 years. The aeolian influx by dry and wet deposition was quantified and characterised in its chemical composition.
Photosynthetic production in the lake is positively correlated with the inflow of nutrient-rich groundwater. The groundwater
discharge largely reflects the strength of the summer monsoon. Net accumulation rates for biogenic silica were determined
for annually laminated sediments from the centre of the U-shaped lake basin based on sediment data. In a Si-balance model
of the modern lake, the depositional flux of biogenic silica could be independently quantified on the base of hydrochemical
monitoring data. Comparison of the both estimates allowed to asses the focussing of the particle flux in the lake. Though
water retention in Lake SHL is rather high (ca. 30 years), changes in the hydrological conditions are sensitively recorded
in the sediments because (i) nutrient-rich groundwater discharges into the productive zone of the lake, (ii) a substantial
proportion of the total dissolved Si-inventory of the mixed lake (ca. 30%) is annually consumed by diatom growth, and (3)
sediment accumulation is substantially focussed towards the flat bottom of the lake basin. The bulk siliciclastic sediment
fraction (ca. 75 wt.%) largely originates from influx of dust of remote provenance. In sediment thin-sections, the dry-deposited
dust fraction is microscopically identifiable as seasonal silt layer. Aeolian input by wet-deposition shows a distinctly higher
variability than the influx of dust by dry-deposition. As diatom production, wet-deposition of dust is positively correlated
with the rainfall during the summer monsoon. The inferred positive correlation between rainfall and dust flux during the summer
monsoon implies that dust deposition is determined by the out-wash efficiency of mineral particles for a permanent high atmospheric
dust concentration over Northeast China in the last 220 years. 相似文献