冬季青藏高原地面辐射平衡   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

沈志宝  刘卫民 《高原气象》1988,(1)

本文根据实测资料建立了冬季青藏高原上地面辐射平衡与日照百分率、地面反射率之间的经验公式,并用此公式试验了纬度、时间、地面反射率和日照百分率对地面辐射平衡的影响。试验结果表明:冬季高原地面辐射能收支的盈亏状况是由地理纬度和地面反射率决定的。天空遮蔽状况(本文用日照百分率表示)仅影响其盈亏值的大小。亦即地面辐射平衡的地理分布形式由地理纬度和地面反射率所决定,但正、负中心的数值还受天空遮蔽状况的影响。冬季青藏高原地面辐射平衡场是一个由地理因子(地理纬度和自然地理带)作用下形成的基本场叠加上一个地面积雪区形成的扰动场。长江和黄河源区的巴颜喀拉山和藏北草原是冬季高原地面加热场最可能出现异常的关键区。  相似文献   

Estimation of spectral reflectance of snow from IRS-1D LISS-III sensor over the Himalayan terrain   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. Srinivasulu  A. V. Kulkarni 《Journal of Earth System Science》2004,113(1):117-128

The sensor onboard the satellite views the earth as a plain surface and consequently the satelliteobtained spectral radiances cannot represent true values over a mountainous terrain. The relative magnitudes of terrain slope and its aspect with respect to the sun's position will determine the amount of direct solar radiation incident on an undulating surface. Estimation of spectral reflectance from satellite data forms an important component in many of the snow and glacier studies. The spectral reflectance of snow is influenced by its various parameters. The changes in snowpack characteristics as a result of various metamorphic processes, with age, can cause variations in its spectral reflectances. Since, the terrain geometry also modifies the amount of reflected radiation from a rugged surface, one has to correct the estimated spectral reflectances for terrain topography so as to use them in deriving the snowpack characteristics accurately. Also, the amounts of melt runoff originating from glaciers having different slopes and orientations will not be the same. Considering these aspects, a model has been developed to estimate the terrain corrected spectral reflectances over the Himalayan terrain using the Linear Imaging Self Scanner-III data of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite. The model computes spectral reflectances from satellitebased radiance measurements and includes the effect of the terrain topography on the incident solar radiation. The terrain slope and its aspect are generated from the digital elevation model of the region. The analysis carried out over the Beas Basin, Himachal Pradesh, India, indicated a variation of 22% in the amount of incident solar radiation for an increase of 10‡ in terrain slope. Further, the terrain with south-east aspect received maximum amount of solar radiation. The large differences observed between the uncorrected and terrain corrected reflectances in the shortwave infrared band (B5), which is not saturated over the snow covered region, suggest that the terrain slope and its aspect cannot be neglected in estimating the accurate spectral reflectances over the Himalayan terrain.  相似文献   

CAMS三维对流云催化模式的改进及个例模拟   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

李淑日胡志晋  王广河 《应用气象学报》2003,14(Z1):78-91

该文对CAMS原有的三维对流云模式(2000版)进行了改进,引入雪晶的比水量和数浓度作为预报变量,加进与雪晶有关的11种微物理过程,从而使模式的微物理过程更加完善,使其能更好的模拟对流云降水过程.通过对1996年北京雹云个例模拟,发现模式模拟云的多单体结构、回波顶高、强中心位置与雷达观测比较一致,并能很好的解释地面雹块结构的形成原因.对改进前后的模式计算结果进行对比分析发现改进前后动力场变化不大,主要是微物理过程产生的影响,同时该文还对改进后的模式进行了AgI催化模拟试验.  相似文献   

青藏高原局地因素对近地表层地温的影响   总被引：23，自引：6，他引：23  

王绍令  丁永建  赵林  小池俊雄 《高原气象》2002,21(1):85-89

青藏高原近地表层地温既受区域性因素（高度、经度、纬度）控制，同时又受局地因素的影响。观测结果表明，高原稀疏植被地段比裸地地温高，短时期薄层雪盖起降低地温的作用，南坡比北坡地温高2－7℃，黑色沥青路面年平均温度比碎石土天然的年平均地表温度高4．5℃，亦高于其它材料的路面地温。  相似文献   

青藏高原东南缘玉龙雪山（5596m）晚新生代隆升的侵蚀与构造控制作用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

石许华  王二七  王刚  樊春 《第四纪研究》2008,28(2):222-231

玉龙雪山位于青藏高原东南缘,它以其独特的地貌特征而引人关注。其顶部为一古残留面,在30×20km²范围内海拔>5000m的山峰达18座,高出其周围地区平均海拔近1000m。在分析该区地质地貌特征基础上,我们根据岩石圈弹性挠曲地壳均衡理论,以较保守的残留面海拔4250m为当时金沙江下切玉龙雪山的基准面,结果表明:由于虎跳峡中大规模物质剥蚀而引起玉龙雪山地壳均衡反弹,导致山体隆升了468m,这完全是侵蚀作用对于玉龙雪山隆升的贡献。而玉龙雪山与周围地区的剩余地势高差,主要由正断层等构造作用造成。因此,玉龙雪山的隆升是侵蚀与构造作用共同控制的结果。该区最大量地壳均衡反弹的触发机制是5.0².5M a期间玉龙雪山东西两侧正断层的发生。另一方面,作为玉龙雪山的南东延伸部分——点苍山（4122m）在5.0².5M a同样也发生了构造伸展,但是没有遭受大规模的河流侵蚀作用,因此其海拔相对要低很多。这进一步说明地壳均衡反弹导致了玉龙雪山隆升,并加大了玉龙雪山与点苍山在原有基础上的地势高差。  相似文献   

Evaluation of the SNOWPACK model’s metamorphism and microstructure in Canada: a case study     

Jean-Benoit Madore  Alexandre Langlois  Kevin Côté 《自然地理学》2018,39(5):406-427

The snow thermodynamic multi-layer model SNOWPACK was developed to address the risk of avalanches by simulating the vertical properties of snow. Risk and stability assessments are based on the simulation of the vertical variability of snow microstructure, as well as on snow cohesion parameters. Previous research has shown systematic error in grain size simulations (equivalent optical grain size) over several areas in northern Canada. To quantify the simulated errors in snow grain size and uncertainties in stability, the snow specific surface area (SSA) was measured with a laser-based instrument. Optical grain size was retrieved to validate the optical equivalent grain radius from SNOWPACK. The two study plots are located in Glacier National Park, BC, and Jasper National Park, AB, Canada. Profiles for density and stratigraphic analysis were obtained as well as grain size profiles, combined with snow micropenetrometer (SMP) measurements. Density analysis showed good agreement with the simulated values (R² = 0.76). Optical grain size analysis showed systematic overestimation of the modeled values, in agreement with the current literature. The error in SSA evolution for a rounding environment was mostly constant, whereas error for conditions driven by a temperature gradient was linked to the size of the facetted grains.  相似文献   

近45年湖北省雷电日数的时空变化特征分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

王学良  王海军  李卫红 《湖北气象》2007,26(1):83-87

采用1961～2005年湖北省71个气象台站常规地面气象观测资料,对该省雷电日数的时空变化特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:湖北省年雷电日数在23～53d,年平均雷电日数为36d;通过小波分析发现,湖北省1980年以前为雷电相对较多时期,1980年以后为雷电相对较少时期;一年中任何一天都有可能出现雷电天气,平均初雷日在2月下旬,终雷日在10月上旬;春季和夏季雷电日数占全年雷电日数的88.5%,秋、冬季占全年雷电日数的11.5%;雷电日数月际变化呈双峰型,主峰、次峰分别出现在7月和4月;一年中7月、8月雷电日数最多,约占全年雷电日数的47%;鄂西南、鄂东地区年雷电日数最多,属高雷区,其它地区属多雷区;近45年湖北省雷电日数呈现明显减少趋势,平均初雷日有所推迟,平均终雷日则有所提早。  相似文献   

Wintertime Seasonal Scale Simulation over Western Himalaya Using RegCM3     

A. P. Dimri  A. Ganju 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(8-9):1733-1746

The Himalayan region of north India is composed of complex mountain ranges with different altitudes and orientations, causing prevailing weather conditions to be complex. Wintertime eastward moving synoptic weather systems `Western Disturbances' (WDs) yield large amounts of precipitation over this region. Numerous micro/mesoscale circulations become generated along with prevailing weather due to surface heterogeneity and land-use variability of the Himalayan region. WDs along with these circulations may give rise to very adverse weather conditions over the region. Intraseasonal variability of surface climate over the Himalayas is studied using regional climate model (RegCM3) with 60 km resolution. A 6-month (Oct. 1999–Mar. 2000) period, as this period has received an enormous amount of precipitation in the form of snow, is considered to study surface climate variability in terms of temperature, precipitation and snow amount. Model simulations show cold bias over the Himalayan region and warm bias over the northwest India. Average monthly distribution of temperature indicates that a controlled experiment could capture the areas of lowest temperature regime. Precipitation fields could be simulated only up to a certain degree of satisfaction and the influence of topographic elevation and valleys needs to be seen. RegCM3 provides a representation of resolvable atmospheric circulations that results in explaining mean variability during winter.  相似文献   

II: Wind related errors in different methods of solid precipitation measurement     

Th. Günther  B. Graf 《水文研究》1991,5(3):233-241

Using data sets assembled within the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison, the paper deals with the wind related losses in national methods of solid precipitation measurement. Fourteen different types of precipitation gauges are included in the Harzgerode/GDR intercomparison field. Initial results of the comparisons between the Valdai double fence reference method and the other gauges in terms of dependence on wind speed and type of precipitation are presented. These results reveal that the national unsheltered HELLMANN gauge catches only 24 per cent to 70 per cent of the daily totals of solid precipitation as compared with the reference gauge. Results of the analysis of monthly totals and individual events reveal a similar dependence of gauge deficiencies on wind speed and type of precipitation. Case studies of single snow falls and the wind field conditions around and within the double fence reference are also described.  相似文献   

利用MODIS资料对积雪的遥感监测   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

季泉 《广西气象》2005,26(4):21-22,59

通过对遥感卫星资料中云和雪的光谱特征的分析，提出利用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）红外、可见光谱段数据进行云、雪检测和分离的方法；并提供监测实例来说明利用MODIS数据可进行积雪监测。  相似文献